Transphobia in the United States

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Member of the Westboro Baptist Church protesting against transgender people in October 2020.
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Transphobia in the United States has changed over time. Understanding and acceptance of transgender people have both decreased and increased during the last few decades depending on the details of the issues which have been facing the public. Various governmental bodies in the United States have enacted anti-transgender legislation. Social issues in the United States also reveal a level of transphobia. Because of transphobia, transgender people in the U.S. face increased levels of violence and intimidation. Cisgender people can also be affected by transphobia.

Recently, hate crimes and violence against transgender and non-gender conforming people has increased, especially in states that have enacted anti-transgender legislation.

American viewpoints on transgender people[edit]

Gender binary norms in the United States are considered rigid and gender nonconforming people can face discrimination, shaming, or other types of gender policing in their daily lives.[1] A 2021 Gallup poll found that 62 percent of Americans believed that transgender people should only play sports on teams that match their gender assigned at birth.[2] Many professional sports leagues in the United States allow transgender players to participate with various types of guidelines and inclusion levels.[3] The Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference allows transgender students to compete according to their gender identities.[4] FIDE has banned trans women from participating in women's chess events stating that they have "no right to participate."[5] FINA effectively barred all transgender women from competing in professional women's swimming, with the exception of athletes who "can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever is later".[6][7]

While the majority of Americans supported openly transgender people serving in the military, the percentage decreased between 2019 and 2021, going from 71% to 66%.[2]

Government protections[edit]

Main articles: LGBT rights in the United States and Transgender rights in the United States

Historically, transgender individuals and communities in the US have been marginalized and received few legal protections.[8] Attempts to protect LGBT people legally in the US workplace has been tried unsuccessfully since 1994 with the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA).[9] However, individual court cases, such as Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, prohibit discrimination of employees "based on their perceived failure to conform to socially constructed characteristics of males or females."[10]

The United States State Department amended its policy in 2010 affecting gender markers on Social Security cards and United States passports.[11] The change which was still in effect in 2018, allowed individuals to provide information from their physician about updating gender on these documents.[12] State IDs and driver's licenses are updated for gender on a state by state basis.[13]

In 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, transgender employees are protected from discrimination in the workplace.[14] The Biden administration has created some protections for transgender people in the country.[15] In July 2022, the United States Department of Health and Human Services proposed the restoration of nondiscrimination policies that would protect transgender people.[16] In April 2023, Governor Phil Murphy established New Jersey as a "safe haven for gender-affirming health care."[17]

Anti-trans attitudes[edit]

Public opinion in the United States about transgender people is often similar in nature to attitudes about LGB individuals, with the difference being that "attitudes towards transgender individuals are significantly more negative."[18] Some anti-transgender attitudes are based on the idea that gender is "natural and so, by extension, transgender people are unnatural."[19] Because some Americans believe transgender people are unnatural, that also automatically makes them "dangerous" in their perceptions.[19]

Some people who oppose transgender rights argue that "irresponsible parents" and young people are rushing to make decisions about their trans identities and they also argue that these decisions are based on "social contagion".[20] Conservative activists question the need to talk to children about their gender or sexual identities.[21] One idea of social contagion is based on a 2018 paper published by Lisa Littman in PLOS One where she described a hypothesis of Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD).[22] Despite the fact that follow ups on Littman's study did not show support for her ideas, the paper she published has been used to push anti-transgender legislation and policies in Florida and other areas.[23] Social contagion ideas suggest that being transgender is a transmissible "disease" between vulnerable individuals.[24] It also implies that being transgender is a medical issue to eradicate from the population, rather than a difference in gender identity.[24]

Activists who oppose gender-affirming care claim that physicians and parents are putting children through "irreversible medical treatments" without proper safeguards.[25] Some states have pushed for laws banning gender-affirming care by claiming that medical treatment for transgender youth is "child abuse."[26] Social media accounts, such as Libs of TikTok, have helped spread a moral panic about gender-affirming care.[27][28] Many groups and individuals, despite a lack of evidence for their beliefs, are creating a "culture war" around transgender people.[29]

Some anti-trans activists believe that LGBT ideology will destabilize the United States government and that LGBT people are a "security threat" to the nation.[30] Some people also feel that transgender soldiers are a threat to military readiness,[31] although there is no evidence to suggest this.[32]

Some anti-trans activists associate trans women with predatory sexual behaviors.[33] This idea is rooted in certain forms of second-wave feminism, advocates of this idea describe trans women as "rapists and boundary-violators trying to invade women's space", while trans men are regarded as "tokens".[34] This has been refuted by research; a study of the effects of Massachusetts' anti-discrimination laws for restrooms found no evidence that cisgender women were placed at risk by the laws. Further, evidence has been found that the risk of assault for transgender children is reduced when they are allowed access to restrooms and locker rooms which match their gender identity.[29]

Others say that their religious beliefs prohibit them from using gender identity in place of biological sex,[35] although the Bible does not mention trans people at all.[36]

Some socially conservative Americans also conflate people who dress in drag with transgender presentations.[37] Christopher Rufo has implored conservatives to call drag queens "trans strippers", which, according to Nathan J. Robinson, is an inaccurate description of drag performances.[37] Michigan Republican, Tudor Dixon, has called drag queens "sexualized performers."[38] This is in contradiction to the history of drag performances which are not inherently sexual in nature.[39]

Colonialism has also affected transgender identities. Hispanic LGBTQ+ organization, QLatinx, describes how "racism, sexism, heterosexism, xenophobia, and transphobia share a common root source of oppression that ultimately works to sustain white supremacy and heteropatriarchy."[40] The structures of racism, homophobia and transphobia all share the feature of inciting violence against people perceived as part of those categories.[41]

Anti-trans beliefs also have a negative effect on some Native American cultures that have two-spirit or indigenous transgender individuals.[42][43] María Cristina Moroles, in her journey as a two-spirit person found that many indigenous communities rejected her identity.[44]

Some transphobic ideas are also internalized by transgender people. This is called Internalized transphobia and can be expressed by the individual feeling shame, isolation, "and a harmful internalization of cisnormative gender expectations."[45]

Overall, transgender lives are often seen as less important than cisgender lives and violence and discrimination against them can be normalized by transphobic Americans.[46]

Early history[edit]

When European settlers colonized North America, they came into contact with indigenous people who had different ideas about gender and gender identity.[43][47] Europeans used many tactics to impose their own gender roles and ideas onto Native peoples.[43] The French colonizers called many third gender indigenous people "berdaches."[47]

Encounters with Spanish colonizers led to a massive genocide of many of the Indigenous peoples of California, including "third-gender people, who were lost not by 'passive' colonizing collateral damage such as disease or starvation, but through active, conscious, violent extermination."[48] When colonists discovered other genders among indigenous people, they worked to end the practice "through the twin disciplinary actions of physical and spiritual punishment and regendering".[49]

As roles for indigenous non-binary people disappeared in their cultures these individuals "found themselves rejected by their families and communities."[50]

Colonists themselves often did not fit into binary gender roles.[8] Many non-conforming people fought in the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War, signing up and continuing to live in their chosen gender role afterwards.[8] By the late nineteenth century, the idea that gender and sexuality are part of a spectrum began to spread.[51]

20th century[edit]

Before the 1910 publication of Transvestism by Magnus Hirschfeld, most individuals who would now be considered transgender were termed "inverts," a term that also included homosexuals.[52] The term transsexual was described by doctor David Oliver Cauldwell in the American medical literature in 1949.[52] Prior to these medical terminologies, there were categories created by transgender people themselves, such as "men-women" and "women-men."[53] In 1900, a transgender woman, then known as a "man-woman," was killed, and her body salted and stuffed into a trunk by her father.[54] Her story was one of many violent accounts such people faced in the early 20th century.[54]

After 1953, Christine Jorgensen's widely popularized "sex change operation" led to a depiction of her in both medical literature and popular media as a "sick, abnormal" person who was "rescued" by modern medicine.[55]

During the 1960s, transgender people were not welcome in gay bars in San Francisco.[56] By the middle of the 1960s, the Johns Hopkins University created the first "official gender-identity clinic" in the US.[55] The clinic was described by media and press releases as being a project designed to help "unfortunate individuals, trapped in the wrong body" and would "rehabilitate" "deviant" transsexual people.[57]

In the 1970s, the word "transsexual" was often used to describe transgender people.[58] In the medical establishment in the United States, professionals had a pervasive sense of mistrust for their transgender patients.[58] Doctors and psychologists who worked with the trans community had negative feelings about the people they worked with, calling them manipulative and "possibly incapable of love".[58]

During the 1970s, transgender women were frequently rejected in lesbian spaces and they were also accused of being fake women and "male infiltrators".[59] Beth Elliott was discriminated against by the Daughters of Bilitis, who originally allowed her to become a member in 1971, but they later succumbed to pressure to force Elliot out.[59] Robin Morgan was one of the most prominent detractors of Elliot, who she accused of being a man who was "leeching off women", with the "mentality of a rapist".[59] This high-profile attack led to other attacks against other transgender women who attempted to enter other types of women's spaces.[60] Later, Sandy Stone, who had worked at Olivia Records, was subjected to a hate mail campaign which was aimed at getting her fired from the record label.[60] Academics also sent hate mail to Stone during this time.[61]

In 1973, more conservative lesbian and gay men in San Francisco created their own pride parade which "banned transgender people and individuals in drag".[60] In New York City that same year, Jean O'Leary almost provoked a riot when she read a statement in which she denounced drag queens.[60] In response to the event in New York City, the LGBT movement in the United States intensified its marginalization of transgender people.[60]

In 1979, Janice Raymond wrote The Transsexual Empire, which is "often cited as the basis for anti-trans feminism", according to the Progressive.[62] Raymond believed that people chose to become transgender in order to opt out of the sex roles which were assigned to them at birth.[34] Raymond's book affected not only people involved in women's spaces, but also medical professionals.[63] The director of the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins closed down his clinic after he and his secretary published a biased study about transgender people in 1979.[63] It was later found that individuals at the organization pushed for the closure of the program due to personal reasons.[63]

During the 1980s, transgender people, still more often known as transsexuals, were "treated as sick, perverse, abnormal," in society in the US.[64] This continued into the 1990s, where individuals who do not adhere to "normal" gender roles lack a "safe social space."[65] Thomas Szasz describes transsexualism in the 1980s in his book, Sex by Prescription as a type of castration.[66] Szasz also felt that the diagnosis of transsexualism was too medicalized and that it was more important to look at the nature of the condition itself.[66] Despite the criticism by Szasz and others, the idea of transsexualism as a medical disorder helped people in the medical profession to accept the idea more readily.[66]

The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival did not allow transgender women at their events and kicked out a transsexual woman in 1991.[67] Transsexual women were also banned from the 1991 National Lesbian Conference.[67] Transgender people were also quietly excluded from the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation in 1993.[68]

In 1993, Brandon Teena was raped and later killed after his transgender identity was revealed.[69] Two men that Teena had thought were his friends were the assailants.[68] The reporting on Teena's murder was also transphobic, often misgendering him.[68]

Tyra Hunter was injured in 1995 in Washington, D.C. and the paramedics who responded stopped treating her and instead made fun of her because she was transgender.[70] Hunter later died because of the injuries and no charges were made against the paramedics.[70]

In 1996, a trans man, Robert Eads, discovered that he had ovarian cancer.[71] Eads experienced medical discrimination with gynecologists refusing to treat him until 1997.[71] The cancer, however, had progressed too far and Eads died in 1999.[71]

To honor the memory of transgender people who have been lost to violence, Gwendolyn Ann Smith created the first Transgender Day of Remembrance in 1999.[56]

21st century[edit]

See also: 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States

Government actions[edit]

Government entities in the United States that create anti-transgender legislation and policies are using "medical gatekeeping" as a "tool whereby the state can use medical language and practice to barriers around gender affirming care."[45] In 2021, professor Eric Stanley describes transgender people "props in the latest culture war," and goes on to describe how "anti-trans bills are rooted in an obsession with the idea of trans people's bodies."[72]

When the federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act was proposed in 2007, it contained language protecting sexual orientation and gender identity.[73] However, the sponsors eventually removed gender identity protections because President George W. Bush said he would veto the bill if they were included.[73]

Arkansas passed the 2015 Intrastate Commerce Improvement Act which prohibited local governments from enacting laws protecting LGBTQ people at greater levels than are already afforded at the state level.[74] Because Arkansas does not provide protections for LGBTQ people at the state level, this bans local governments from also protecting LGBTQ individuals as well.[74] In addition, this act was passed right after Fayetteville, Arkansas worked to pass civil rights protections for LGBTQ people in the city.[74]

In 2016, when a large number of "bathroom bills" were proposed in the country, the result was that all women faced harassment due to increased policing on who was using what bathroom.[75] In Kansas, a proposal was created that would give students $2,500 as a bounty for reporting trans people using unapproved restrooms.[76] Washington State proposed a similar law which would allow students to sue their schools for $2,500 if they "encounter a trans person in the bathroom."[76] In March 2016, North Carolina passed their bathroom bill, the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, which led to a national outcry and several large businesses threatening not to do business in the state.[77] Later in 2016, a case, Franciscan Alliance v. Burwell, was filed which sought to have regulations protecting trans people accessing healthcare struck down.[78]

The Trump Administration reversed Title VII policies that protected transgender people based on sex, stating that these protections applied only to cisgender individuals.[79] On February 20, 2017, the Trump administration "withdrew guidance...stating federal law requires transgender students to have access to bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identity."[80] In July of the same year, President Trump announced a ban on transgender people serving in the United States military.[80] In October 2018, Trump proposed a roll back of civil rights protections in healthcare for transgender people.[80]

The first state to ban transfeminine athletes from participating in youth sports was Idaho.[3] On March 30, 2020, the bill was signed by Governor Brad Little.[81] During 2020, 16 other states also drafted bills that were similar to the one passed in Idaho.[81] In 2020, the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) filed a lawsuit to challenge Connecticut's rule allowing transgender students to participate in youth sports according to their gender identity.[82] In 2021, the case was dismissed, though the ADF has said they will appeal the decision.[4][82]

In 2021 and 2022, a "historic wave of bills" targeting transgender people were developed and proposed in state legislatures around the country.[83] This amounted to around 200 bills, all proposed by Republican lawmakers.[83] Governor Tate Reeves signed a bill in 2021 that banned transgender students from participating in school sports that match their gender identities.[84] Governor Kristi Noem in March 2021 issued an executive order banning trans girls from girls' sports teams in South Dakota.[85] Arkansas passed a bill in April 2021 blocking youth from accessing gender-affirming care.[86]

Legislators in Alabama created a bill in February 2022 that would require transgender students in grades K-12 to use the restroom matching the sex on their birth certificate.[87] April 2022, Alabama Governor Kay Ivey signed a bill that would make gender-affirming care for youth a felony.[88] Later, that bill was blocked from going into effect with a partial injunction from the state court.[89] State attorneys in Alabama have vowed to appeal the ruling and believe that there is no constitutional right to gender affirming healthcare for children or adults.[89]

In March 2022, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act, which banned the ability to discuss sexual orientation or gender identity in a classroom setting for specific grades.[90] In November 2021, Oklahoma Governor, Kevin Stitt, signed an executive order to prohibit changing gender identity on Oklahoma birth certificates.[91] Also in 2022, Iowa created a bill to prevent transgender youth from participating in sports matching their gender identity.[92]

In February 2022, Governor Greg Abbott declared transitioning and HRT to be "child abuse" and ordered Child Protective Services (CPS) to investigate parents who allowed their children to transition.[93] Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, started the attack by issuing an opinion that gender-affirming care was a form of child abuse.[20] Paxton also requested a list from the Texas Department of Public Safety of all people who "had switched the gender identifier on their Texas driver's license within the past two years."[94] The order from Abbott and Paxton also required that therapists report any clients receiving gender-affirming care.[95] In Dallas, one hospital stopped providing gender-affirming care at their facility after Abbott's directive was made public and Texas Children's Hospital also stopped providing HRT.[96][97] Several families were investigated by CPS after the directive was ordered.[95][98] In June 2022, a judge from Travis County blocked these kinds of investigations into families with transgender kids.[96] Due to these attacks on transgender children and youth, many families began to look for ways to leave the state.[99][100][101] A political strategist for Greg Abbott said that attacking transgender children is a "winning issue" for the governor as he runs for office again.[97]

In May 2022, a Title IX investigation took place at a Wisconsin school when several middle school students allegedly misgendered another student.[102] The case received attention from conservative media outlets, including The Laura Ingraham Show.[103] The investigation was dismissed after the school and much of the city of Kiel, Wisconsin received bomb threats.[102]

In June 2022, the Texas Republican Party adopted bans for gender-affirming care as part of their party platform.[104] Later, the Texas GOP claimed that drag shows are more of a threat to children than guns.[105] Michigan Republicans proposed a bill in June 2022 that would let parents sue any public school that allowed their children to see a drag show.[106] DeSantis, in Florida, worked on taking away Medicaid coverage for gender-affirming care from transgender people of any age.[107] Ohio passed a law in June that requires "genital inspections" if a girl or woman is suspected of being transgender.[108]

In July 2022, attorneys general from twenty states, including Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia filed suit against the United States Department of Agriculture over their prohibition of discrimination against LGBTQ people receiving school meals. This included discrimination against gender identity.[14] In Florida, state education officials told schools to "disregard recent guidance from the Biden administration" that would help protect transgender students under Title IX.[35] Florida Education Commissioner, Manny Diaz Jr., called the guidance regarding transgender protections "woke insanity."[35] In mid-July, the GOP in the US House of Representatives supported bills that would target transgender athletes with the "Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act" sponsored by Greg Steube.[109] Late in July 2022, Governor Ron DeSantis used a 1947 Florida Supreme Court Decision as guidance in his complaint over a drag show.[110] DeSantis alleged that the drag venue violated a public nuisance law.[110]

Marjorie Taylor Greene, a US Representative, introduced a bill called Protect Children's Innocence Act in August 2022 that would make providing gender-affirming care to minors a class C felony.[111] The bill specifies sending anyone who provides such care a prison sentence of 10 to 25 years and would also prohibit the use of federal funds for gender affirming care.[111] This would effectively stop anyone who is using Affordable Healthcare Act plans from accessing gender affirming care.[111]

In September 2022, high school students from the East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools were told that they were attending a college fair for a school field trip.[112] Instead of a fair, they were taken to a church where transgender students faced bullying and discrimination.[112] In October 2020, an intersex transgender woman was arrested after she filed a police report in Bexar County describing her alleged assault.[113] She was outed to the police, who later put her in the male block of the jail.[113] As of December 2022, she and local community groups are asking for dropped charges and sensitivity training for the police.[113] In November 2022, the Florida medical board restricted most gender-affirming care for minors.[114]

In preparation of the Texas legislative session in January 2023, Republican lawmakers have pre-filed bills that will target transgender people and make gender-affirming care illegal for youth.[94] By January 19, 2023, over 124 bills were introduced that would target LGBTQ and transgender people in the U.S.[115] In Florida, a number of transphobic bills were introduced in February 2023.[114] Bills filed targeted drag shows, gender-affirming care, libraries containing LGBTQ books, and one bill would prohibit teachers from using a students' preferred pronouns.[114] In Tennessee early in March 2023, Governor Bill Lee signed a law banning minors from watching drag shows, despite his own participation in drag as a school boy.[116] On March 3, Florida submitted SB254 which would allow the state to take away children from parents who allow gender-affirming care for them, even if they live outside of the state.[117] At the end of March 2023, Kentucky legislature overrode the governor's veto and put into law that bans gender affirming care in the state and requires doctors to de-transition minors who are already receiving care.[118] In addition, schools may not allow conversations around gender or sexual identity for all grades.[118]

In April 2023, Montana removed transgender lawmaker, Zooey Zephyr, from the floor and then proceeded to pass a bill banning gender affirming care for minors.[119] Idaho passed a law banning gender affirming care for minors with a punishment of up to 10 years in prison for any doctor providing gender affirming care.[120]

In May 2023, Missouri passed a bill to restrict gender affirming care and sports participation for transgender minors.[121] Oklahoma also passed a bill that month making it a felony to provide gender-affirming care to minors.[122] Transgender people were arrested and removed from the Texas Capitol in May 2023 for protesting a ban on gender-affirming care for minors.[123] Early in May 2023, the governor of Indiana, Eric Holcomb, signed a bill that would potentially out transgender students to their families.[124] North Dakota governor, Doug Burgum, signed a bill in May 2023 that prohibits public schools and government entities from creating policies about pronouns.[125]

In August 2023, Katy Independent School District (KISD) passed gender identity policies that many LGBTQ people and allies called an "attack" on non gender conforming students in the school.[126] KISD was one of the first school districts in the Houston area to pass guidelines that have negative effects on transgender students.[127] In February 2024, Texas Governor, Greg Abbott responded negatively to a Joint Allegation Letter from the United Nations (UN) that outlines a "comprehensive assault on the rights of the queer community" in Texas.[128] Abbott only responded to the legal allegations by writing on X (formerly Twitter), "The UN can go pound sand."[129]

In February 2024, Nassau County prohibited transgender athletes from competing with cisgender athletic teams through an executive order signed by Bruce Blakeman.[130] In March, New York Attorney General Letitia James ordered the county to cease and desist from violating the New York State Human Rights Law.[131] Blakeman is seeking to overturn the ruling in order to continue to prohibit transgender athletes from equally using "more than 100 public venues" in the county.[131]

During elections in Ohio, several transgender candidates faced issues running for office due to their name changes.[132] In January 2024, Ohio ruled that due to a 1990s law about listing all names a candidate has used on petitions to run for office, the transgender candidates had violated the law.[132] Later, the county board of elections in Mercer County allowed the candidate to run "because no one knew about this obscure provision and because the board said she wasn't trying to mislead people," and Montgomery County followed suit.[132] Stark County, however, disqualified the transgender candidate on the ballot due to her name change.[133]

Transphobia in US culture[edit]

In 2001, the Daily News ran a column by John Leo which complained about transgender people, suggesting that they had a mental disorder.[134] Leo argued against the idea that securing civil rights and gender-affirming care for transgender people was good for them. Instead he wanted them to get psychiatric treatment.[134] Leo called the word transphobia "a new word of indignant accusation."[134]

In 2019, Ditch the Label published an analysis of 10 million online social media and forum posts from a time period starting around 2016.[80] This analysis revealed a large amount of transphobic language and ideas being shared in the United States.[80] Many of the transphobic ideas and commentary have been shared on Facebook, which left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters called "one of the biggest bad actors" in this area.[135] The Daily Wire was also involved in spreading misinformation about transgender people online during this time, using transphobia to increase engagement with their website.[135][136]

The Westboro Baptist Church protested at Morehouse College in 2019 when the school allowed trans men to enroll for the first time.[137]

During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) held in 2021, Caitlyn Jenner found herself attacked by attendees who deadnamed her and called her names.[138]

Dave Chappelle's 2021 Netflix special, The Closer, contained jokes that some considered transphobic.[139][140] Chappelle's live shows continue to receive protests from people who oppose the way he has talked about transgender people.[141]

In March 2022, Senator Marsha Blackburn used the confirmation hearing of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to bring up "transgender issues," asking whether transgender women should be allowed to compete in sports with cisgender women.[84]

When Jeopardy! champion, Amy Schneider, threw the first pitch at Oracle Park in June 2022, Fox Sports cut away from her and showed a first pitch from NASCAR driver Kurt Busch instead.[142] The cut from the first pitch was pointed out on Twitter where it was seen as transphobic.[143] Fox Sports says that "first pitches are never aired as part of their game broadcasts," and showing Busch was part of a "promotional package for an upcoming NASCAR race."[143] Sports Illustrated argued that no matter the reason for showing Busch instead of Schneider, the "optics" of the situation did not paint Fox Sports in a good light.[144] As more sports companies have shown support for transgender athletes, increases in "hate and transphobia" have been observed anecdotally by athletes such as skater, Jeffrey Cheung.[145]

In May 2022, State Farm faced attacks from conservative activists over their GenderCool Project which would donate children's books with LGBTQ themes to schools and libraries.[21] The project was meant to "raise awareness around what it means to be transgender, inclusive and nonbinary."[21] Due to the backlash, State Farm dropped the project.[21]

In June 2022, pride month, The Daily Wire commentator Matt Walsh released a documentary called What Is a Woman?.[146] Walsh is also the publisher of the children's book Johnny the Walrus, which allegorically compares being transgender to pretending to be a walrus.[147] Media Matters reported that on the first day of pride month alone there were eight instances of transgender people being disparaged on Fox News, especially transgender swimmer Lia Thomas.[148]

In August 2022, right-wing Twitter account Libs of TikTok falsely claimed that Boston Children's Hospital was performing hysterectomies and other gender affirming surgeries on "young girls."[149] The false claim was picked up by many, becoming viral and reaching high-profile conservatives such as Stephen Miller.[149] Other high-profile celebrities who have promoted Libs of TikTok included Joe Rogan, Donald Trump Jr., and Tucker Carlson.[27]

In September 2022, Matt Walsh made accusations against Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Tennessee, saying that doctors "drug," "castrate," and "mutilate" children.[150][151][152] Walsh also asserted that VUMC performed gender-affirming care because it is a "money-maker," threatened doctors who refused to perform the procedures with "consequences," and "enforced compliance" within patients hesitant with receiving the procedures.[151][152] Tennessee Republicans, including Governor Bill Lee, called for an immediate investigation of the clinic.[151][153] Walsh stated he was meeting with lawmakers to pass a bill that would shut the clinic down.[154] In response to the accusations, VUMC shut down the webpage for their transgender clinic and said that Walsh "misrepresent[ed] facts" about the care provided.[152]

In Nashville, Tennessee on October 21, 2022, The Daily Wire organized a rally titled "The Rally to End Child Mutilation" in protest to gender-affirming care for minors. Between 1,500 and 3,000 people attended, which included supporters, protesters, and Tennessee senators and representatives.[155][156]

After the 2023 Nashville school shooting, allegedly perpetrated by a transgender shooter, there was an increase in transphobia on public platforms.[157] Transgender people in Tennessee faced backlash, though many pushed back, saying it is more important to restrict gun access.[158]

MMA fighter, Alana McLaughlin responded to the transphobic attacks made on transgender people by Jake Shields in April 2023.[159] Shields has said that allies of transgender people should "face public execution."[159]

In the lead up to Pride in April 2023 a commercial for Bud Light featuring the actress Dylan Mulvaney caused a boycott by transphobic conservatives against the company.[160] The week before Pride in late May 2023, Target released their Pride collection featuring products to celebrate the LGBTQ+ community. Subsequently, conservative anti-LGBTQ groups spread misinformation[161] about some of the products and after receiving threats against stores and employees from anti-LGBTQ groups, the company decided to remove some merchandise and move their Pride displays into the back of some stores, causing a heavy backlash by GLAAD and other LGBTQ advocacy groups requesting that Target return the merchandise and release a statement in support of the LGBTQ+ community.[162][163] In July 2023, former Levi's President and gymnast, Jennifer Sey, mocked Megan Rapinoe for supporting transgender athletes.[164] Rapinoe said out that women's sports are being "weaponized" by supposed transgender people taking advantage of the system.[164] Sey also criticized Bud Light for using Mulvaney in their ads.[164]

Sey created a line of athletic clothing in March 2024 called XX-XY Athletics which she says is intended "to help protect women and girls from being forced to compete and share locker rooms with transgender athletes."[165] A team of anti-transgender activists have joined her, including Chloe Cole, Adam Coleman, Riley Gaines, Tabia Lee, and Paula Scanlan.[165] Also in March 2024, conservative blogger, Michael Shellenberger and anti-transgender group, Genspect, leaked reports about transgender care that were taken out of context and some of which contained false claims.[166] Shellenberger believes that transgender people are mentally ill, unnatural and are part of "foundational woke ideologies."[166] His Substack "has increasingly focused on the supposed threats that trans people pose to society, including to women's sports, women in general, the family and Western civilization."[167]

In early 2024, Best Buy was contacted by the National Center for Public Policy Research (NCPPR), a conservative think tank, over donations the company had made to LGBTQ groups, such as The Trevor Project and GLAAD.[168] NCPPR accused Best Buy of donating to groups they believe are "seeking to mutilate the reproductive organs of children before they finish puberty," and that donations to LGBTQ groups was out of the scope of an electronics company.[168] After NCPPR went after Best Buy, the company agreed to "screen" their donations and their pages supporting LGBTQ people were taken down.[168] Because NCPPR is a shareholder of Best Buy, they were able to threaten monetary sanctions against the company and they filed a complaint with the SEC.[168]

Violent incidents and threats[edit]

In October 2002, transgender teen, Gwen Araujo, was beaten and then strangled at a house party in Newark.[169] Her assault took place after she was discovered to be transgender and the men responsible used the "trans panic" defense in their murder trial.[169] Latisha King, a non-gender conforming student, aged 15, was shot twice by a 14 year old fellow student who felt that she had disrespected him.[170] King was "taunted and teased for the way she lived her gender, for its style."[171]

CeCe McDonald was assaulted outside a bar in 2011 in Minneapolis.[172] When a fight broke out, McDonald was stabbed and one of her attackers was killed during the fight.[173] McDonald was charged with second-degree murder, despite having acted in self-defense.[173] She accepted a plea agreement and spent two years in a men's prison.[173]

Kiwi Farms was created in 2013 in order to target people who are neurodivergent or members of the LGBTQ+ community.[174] Users of Kiwi Farms would find people on the internet to stalk, dox, and harass.[175] The "site has been blamed for the deaths of several victims," many of whom were transgender.[174][176][177]

In 2019, 25 transgender or gender nonconforming people died after they were subjected to acts of violence.[178] 2021 became one of the "deadliest on record in America," for transgender and gender nonconforming people in the United States with 29 deaths by June and at least 50 by the end of the year.[72][179] In February 2021, Alexus Braxton was brutally killed in her apartment in Miami.[180]

Children's Medical Center Dallas was forced to close their gender affirming program for trans children and teens in November 2021 after protests and harassment from anti-transgender activists.[181]

The Tenacious Unicorn Ranch, an all-transgender farm in Colorado, faced alleged armed threats on March 6, 2021.[182] After this event, Kiwi Farms facilitated further harassment of the ranchers online.[182] In 2022, the Kiwi Farms forum had over 800 posts targeting the ranch.[182]

On March 24, 2022, former Mississippi legislator, Robert Foster, used Twitter to express his opinion that allies of transgender people should be "lined up against [a] wall before a firing squad to be sent to an early judgment."[84] Foster did not apologize for his tweet, instead saying that the law should be changed to allow such executions.[84] In June 2022, Mark Burns, a pastor and a candidate running in South Carolina, said that allies, teachers, and parents who support LGBTQ+ rights should be arrested and executed.[30]

In June 2022, a drag brunch in Arlington, Texas was targeted by alleged Proud Boys,[183] as was a California library that same month.[184] At the San Francisco Bay Area event, "The [Proud Boys] were described as extremely aggressive with a threatening violent demeanor causing people to fear for their safety."[184] The Proud Boys may have been tipped off by Libs of TikTok.[184]

In July 2022, a cafe in Chicago that was planning to host a drag performance was vandalized.[185] Libs of TikTok was also involved in a campaign to target Jewish summer camps in California that accepted transgender children.[186] The camps had to take additional "steps to ensure security."[186]

In the same month, 20-year-old transgender man Noah Ruiz was assaulted by three men while camping in Camden, Ohio. After being advised to use the women's restroom, despite identifying as male, he was angrily confronted by a woman in the bathroom before she stormed out. Upon exiting, he was approached by three men, who proceeded to beat him up while reportedly using homophobic slurs. When Preble County sheriff's deputies arrived, Ruiz was arrested for "disorderly conduct and obstructing official business"; The Preble Country Sheriff claimed they were not aware of the assault, and that Ruiz was highly intoxicated and belligerent. Ruiz was able to file an assault report with the sheriff's office, demanding the men to be held accountable.[187]

Boston Children's Hospital has been subject to violent threats due to false information pushed by Libs of TikTok.

Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) staff received "violent threats" in August 2022 after Libs of TikTok incorrectly claimed that children were receiving hysterectomies.[188][189] The Children's National Hospital was also targeted in late August by Libs of TikTok, which also falsely claimed the hospital was performing hysterectomies on children.[190] The National hospital received both bomb and death threats on social media.[190] Both Facebook and Twitter have not suspended Libs of TikTok, despite the large volume of harassment BCH has received because of the targeting.[191] Fox News and The Daily Caller both ran stories using the false information Libs of TikTok spread.[190] Children's hospitals in Pittsburgh and Phoenix were also targeted.[192] On August 30, a bomb threat caused the hospital to go into lockdown and another threat, phoned in on September 9, brought in the police to investigate.[193] A woman from Westfield, Massachusetts was arrested on September 15 for charges of making one of the bomb threats to BCH.[194] The FBI reported that there have been "well over a dozen" such threats made to BCH.[195] On September 18, 2022, "Billboard Chris," an anti-LGBT activist from Canada, organized a protest of the hospital's gender affirming care program outside of BCH.[196] Between 100 and 200 counter-protesters came to support the transgender care at the hospital, outnumbering the protesters.[197][198] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Medical Association (AMA), and the Children's Hospital Association (CHA) have asked U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland to "investigate the organizations, individuals, and entities coordinating, provoking, and carrying out bomb threats and threats of personal violence against children's hospitals and physicians across the U.S."[199]

When Tucker Carlson on Fox News covered the accusations against Vanderbilt University Medical Center, he showcased photos of the doctors' faces along with their names. VUMC reported harassment against their doctors from far-right groups on Reddit and 4chan, calling for them to be either arrested or murdered. These groups also called for "Nazi-inspired intimidation tactics" such as book burnings.[152]

A cisgender woman named Jay was harassed in a Las Vegas casino bathroom in October 2022 by another woman who mistook her for being transgender due to her short haircut. The woman followed Jay into the bathroom and was "ranting about people's gender identities" for several minutes outside her stall. Upon exiting, the woman interrogated her about her gender identity and threatened to have police arrest her. The woman was kicked out of the casino, but no charges were pressed, and she was later allowed back in. Jay recorded the incident and uploaded it to TikTok, where it went viral. The video was later removed by the site for "grooming behavior," to which Jay contested. She commented on how no bystanders tried to help her, calling it "the most upsetting part" of the whole incident.[200][201]

On November 19, 2022, the Colorado Springs Club Q shooting took the lives of 5 people and injured 25 others.[202] The club was considered a safe place for transgender people in the city.[202] During the December 14, 2022, Congressional hearing, LGBTQ+ shooting survivors shared their fears about the "rising hate" towards their community, especially towards people who are transgender or who perform in drag.[203] In December 2022, a transgender teacher who had been a target of Fox News stories faced bomb threats.[204]

During the March 2023 Conservative Political Action Conference, Daily Wire contributor Michael Knowles stated that “transgenderism should be eradicated from public life entirely.”[205] Knowles’ comments sparked outrage, and were characterized as genocidal by various media figures and outlets.[206] In August 2023, Libs of Tik Tok shared an edited video of a school librarian in Tulsa, Oklahoma which led to "several consecutive days of bomb threats to schools in the district."[207]

On February 3, 2024, Mark Robinson, current Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina and candidate for Governor, threatened trans women with arrest over bathroom use[208] and suggested that they "find a corner outside somewhere".[209]

On February 7, 2024, a sixteen-year-old non-binary student was beaten inside the girls' restroom at the Owasso High School.[210] The student, Nex Benedict, received "months of intensifying bullying" which started after Oklahoma passed legislation in 2023 that outlawed students from using bathrooms that match their gender identity.[211] After being assaulted by three female students in the girl's restroom, a teacher intervened, but did not call an ambulance for Benedict.[211] Later that evening, Benedict's grandmother took them to the hospital where they died the next day from their injuries.[211]

Effects[edit]

Transgender people are subject to minority stress.[212] This type of stress is created through stigma, prejudice, and discrimination.[212] Many transgender people face bullying and harassment in many different venues in their lives.[213] Transphobia is manifested through a "hostile political climate" and by marginalizing transgender individuals in society.[214] Around 78 percent of transgender students in grades K through 12 described various types of harassment from other students, teachers, or school staff.[70] Transgender people who testified against anti-transgender bills in the Texas Capitol found the long hearings "exhausting and upsetting."[215]

The legal actions and politics that have been passed against transgender youth have caused negative mental health outcomes for many young people.[25] This can include high rates of suicidal ideation.[26] Even if the bills do not pass, the stress of seeing the measures debated causes issues for many people.[215] Crisis calls to The Trevor Project have seen high rates in states like Texas in 2022.[215] In 2017, there was also an increase in calls to the crisis hotline after Texas considered a bathroom bill that year.[215] Some families are looking to move out of states that have passed transphobic legislation.[215] Some transgender people have to file lawsuits over laws, such as bathroom bills, which restrict their civil rights.[216]

Many transgender people have difficulty accessing health care. Transgender women "experience critical barriers to healthcare and significant health inequities due to their minoritized status."[217] According to a 2008 study conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality, around 19 percent of the respondents reported being refused care by healthcare professionals because they were transgender.[218] A study in 2015 found that health insurance denied coverage of gender affirming surgery to 55% of transgender adults attempting to access that care.[45]

Transgender and gender diverse people may also avoid accessing healthcare due to their "fear of mistreatment" and lack of provider knowledge.[219] In 2011, a study found that medical students only receive on average five hours of "LGBT-related content" during their years in school.[220] Transgender individuals accessing health care while in prison have "filed numerous lawsuits detailing substandard care and withholding of transition-related care."[221] Biases and lack of education on transgender topics by healthcare providers often leads to transgender women not seeking health care, even if they have insurance.[222] In other cases, family members have also blocked transgender individuals access to gender affirming care.[223] Many transgender children hide their gender identities from their families due to "parent adopting transphobic and cisnormative beliefs and actions."[224]

In some situations, transphobic campaigns can prevent anyone from accessing health care.[189] During a targeted campaign against Boston Children's Hospital, patients were unable to reach providers by phone.[189]

Transphobia in the United States can also lead to higher rates of unemployment and discrimination in the workplace.[225][226] Transgender and gender diverse people have twice the unemployment rates in the US when compared to the general population.[225] The National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) found in a 2015 survey that the unemployment rate for transgender people in the US was three times the rate of cisgender people.[227] The same survey described that 15% of trans people who were employed faced various levels of harassment on the job, ranging from verbal to physical assault.[227]

Cisgender people can experience the effects of transphobia. Human Rights Watch reported in 2001 that "many students are wrongly perceived as transgender, yet such persons are similarly subject to persecution."[228] In August 2022, a school investigated a girl who "outclassed" the rest of her peers in a high school sporting event.[229] The parents of the girls who placed second and third complained to the Utah High School Activities Association (UHSAA) where they "questioned the winner's gender."[229] UHSAA investigated the girl, opening up her enrollment records back to kindergarten, all without informing the student or her family.[229] In July 2023, a cisgender woman, Michelle Dionne Peacock, was allegedly murdered in Indiana by a transphobic man.[230] Her killer believed that Peacock was "a male acting like a woman," and despite complaints that she was being harassed, "nothing was done."[230]

Conservative American politicians have used transphobia to increase and mobilize their base of voters.[19]

Effects of violence and intimidation[edit]

Recently, hate violence has increased in the United States.[231] The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) started to document acts of "fatal violence" against transgender and gender nonconforming people in the United States in 2013.[179] The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs found in 2013 that 72% of "hate-crime murder victims were trans women, and almost all were women of color."[227] In 2015, 46% of transgender adults reported "oral harassment" and 9% reported that they had been assaulted.[226] Most of the victims of this transphobic violence are Black gender non-conforming and trans women.[232][40][226] Black transgender people are also more likely to face discrimination.[233] In Chicago, fewer deaths of transgender women than homicides overall are solved by police.[234] Transgender people are far more likely to be the victims of violent crime, as much as "four times more likely than cisgender people."[235][46] Trans women are twice as likely than other trans people to experience sexual assault than other victims of violence.[227]

Because of the threats of violence the Tenacious Unicorn Ranch has faced, they have security on their property.[182] All staff carry guns and visitors are provided bulletproof vests.[182]

Threats made against children's hospitals that provide gender affirming care affect a wide range of people.[236] During a 2022 lockdown due to transphobic threats, a mother was unable to visit her newborn in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).[236]

Hate crimes against LGBTQ students doubled across the country between 2015-2019 and again between 2021 and 2022.[237] Overall, since 2021, the rates of violent and deadly incidents for transgender people has increased since groups began to track the numbers.[72] In states that have passed anti-transgender legislation, the rise in hate crimes was even higher, according to the The Washington Post.[237]

The data being used to track hate crimes against transgender and non-gender conforming people is not consistently reported due to differences in the way that some cities in the United States categorize victims of these crimes.[72] In addition, not every place reports hate crimes to the FBI.[46]

Students, ranging from elementary to college, are reporting a recent increase in bullying for being part of the LGBTQ community or for being non-gender conforming.[237] Young LGBTQ people face social stigma and often family rejection.[227]

Transgender people also face violence in encounters with law enforcement.[238] In a 2015 report, it was reported that in 58% of interactions between trans individuals and law enforcement there were various forms of harassment, ranging from misgendering, to violence or sexual assault.[238]

Link to conspiracy theories[edit]

Many transphobic conspiracy theories share antisemitic themes.[62] White nationalists believe that Jews and transgender people are jointly plotting to commit a "white genocide."[62] Both groups are portrayed as "elites" which are "controlling society" and need to be removed from it by any means necessary.[62] The Occidental Observer wrote that the transgender rights movement was a "form of Jewish warfare."[62]

In Canada and the United States in the early 2020s, several conservative and far-right media outlets and personalities promulgated the litter boxes in schools hoax, stating that some schools were providing litter boxes in bathrooms to students who identified as cats or furries, in response to several school districts enacting accommodations for transgender students. Many news outlets and academic researchers have debunked the litter box claims as false.[239][240][241]

There has also been a recent attempt "to shift the blame to the trans community itself for the violence" enacted against them and others.[61]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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