VLS-1 V01

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VLS-1 V01
VLS-1 V01 launch
VLS-1 launch
Launch2 November 1997, 12:25 a.m UTC
Operator
PadAlcântara Launch Center VLS-Pad
PayloadBrazil SCD-2A
OutcomeDestroyed
Apogee3,230 metres (10,600 ft)
Launch duration65 seconds

VLS-1 V01 was the first launch of the VLS-1 rocket that took place on November 2, 1997, from the Alcântara Launch Center with the goal of putting the SCD-2A satellite into orbit. The launch was unsuccessful, with the rocket being remotely destroyed due to deviation from its trajectory.

Background and goals[edit]

The VLS-1 rocket was originally proposed in 1979[1] as part of the Brazilian Complete Space Mission [pt].[2] It was originally planned to launch in 1989.[3] However, it was later delayed to 1990,[4] then 1994,[5] 1995,[6] finally becoming ready in 1997 within "Operation Brazil". The mission had the objective of placing in orbit the SCD-2A satellite developed by INPE, and to test the vehicle in flight.[7][a] The first prototype of the VLS was 80% Brazilian technology.[3]

The satellite was planned to be placed into a circular orbit with an altitude of 750 kilometers,[9] and on February 20, the payload fairing separation test had already been successfully carried out.[10] On July 1, 1997, the equipment was sent to the Alcântara base[11] and both the rocket and the satellite were ready by August 1997.[12] For a launch cost of R$7.215 million in 1997(US$12.41 million in 2024), it would be cheaper than the U.S. rocket Pegasus which cost R$16.65 million(US$28.64 million in 2024) per launch.[13]

The Ministry of Aeronautics [pt] barred the Press and civil authorities from attending the launch, claiming "security issues and lack of infrastructure" for receiving the press and guests at the base.[14][15] As a result, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso had his visit to the base moved forward to October 21.[16] Initially the launch was to take place in early September; however, delays at the center and the fact that the rocket was struck by lightning postponed the preparations. AEB sought to work with Embratel and Telebrás to broadcast the launch nationwide.[17]

The launch was supposed to take place on October 26, 1997, but was delayed in the early hours of the same day due to a malfunction in the Doppler radar, made by Thomson-CSF, which would track the launch and identify the satellite's orbit.[13][18] If the next attempt did not occur by the end of the planned window (November 10), the rocket would have to be put into a horizontal position due to the instability of its fuel.[19]

Launch[edit]

On November 2, during the countdown, the timer had to be paused for about 15 minutes due to a plane crossing the restricted airspace.[20][13]

At 12:25 a.m. (UTC) the rocket was launched[b] with a mass of 50 tons at the time of launch. Within about a minute the technicians noticed a problem with strap-on booster D, which caused the rocket to climb at an incline. Although the vehicle corrected the inclination, about seven tons of dead weight unbalanced the ascent, which led, 65 seconds after launch, to the remote destruction of a satellite worth $5 million and a $6.5 million rocket.[20][13][22] It was later revealed that of the four boosters, one was not engaged, causing it to go off course.[23] The rocket was destroyed at a height of 3,230 metres (10,600 ft), and its debris fell into the interdicted sea area about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch pad.[13] At the time of the destruction, the rocket was going 700 km/h.[24][c]

A 15-minute pause was taken in the picture chain operated by Radiobrás and broadcast to auditoriums with guests in Brasilia, São Luís and São José dos Campos. On the return of the broadcast, Colonel Thiago da Silva announced the failure.[20][17]

Aftermath[edit]

Luiz Gylvan Meira Filho, the then-president of the Brazilian Space Agency, noted that the fact that the rocket sought to correct its trajectory was an engineering success.[20] The investigation pointed to a malfunctioning "mechanical safety device", that hindered the transmission of the pyrotechnic order, as responsible for the accident.[25][26] Fabio Wagner Costa, from the University Center of Brasilia, reports that the test was considered positive because it allowed "the validation of important components, including the control system".[27]

A professor at the Aeronautics Institute of Technology, speaking anonymously to the media, said that the accident could have been avoided if the entire boosters assembly had been tested in an integrated manner, but the CTA tests only addressed each strap-on booster separately. The "integrated test", with all four boosters, only occurred with the launch, contrary to what the ITA had advised.[23] The military was warned about the risk of an accident months before the launch.[28] Not all the tests were performed on the safety mechanism responsible for the accident due to the pressure to get the launch done on time.[26]

The next launch occurred in 1999, ending with the remote destruction of the vehicle and the SACI-2 satellite about three minutes after liftoff.[29]

Flight profile[edit]

Mission timeline[30]
Time Event Result
00:00 Liftoff Booster D does not engage, which affects the orientation of the VLS.
00:55 2nd stage ignition —
00:65
Remote destruction of the rocket
01:09 3rd stage ignition —
02:11 Payload fairing separation —
03:00 3rd stage shutdown —
03:08 3rd stage separation —
~07:00 4rd stage ignition —
09:00 Satellite orbit injection —

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Berquó et al. 2004, p. 7.
  2. ^ Tribuna da Imprensa, 6 de novembro de 1997, p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c Jornal do Commercio, 21-22 de dezembro de 1997, p. 21.
  4. ^ Manchete, 8 de dezembro de 1984, p. 119.
  5. ^ Diário do Pará, 27 de maio de 1990, p. 5.
  6. ^ O Fluminense, 16 de junho de 1993, p. 7.
  7. ^ Berquó et al. 2004, p. 11.
  8. ^ Folha de S. Paulo, 11 de novembro de 1999.
  9. ^ Pioneiro, 30-31 de agosto de 1997, p. 19.
  10. ^ Folha de S. Paulo, 21 de fevereiro de 1997.
  11. ^ Jornal do Commercio, 2 de julho de 1997, p. 10.
  12. ^ Manchete, 16 de agosto de 1997, p. 49.
  13. ^ a b c d e Jornal do Brasil, 3 de novembro de 1997, p. 4.
  14. ^ A Tribuna, 22 de outubro de 1997, p. 4.
  15. ^ Jornal do Commercio, 22 de outubro de 1997, p. 12, Um super esquema de segurança.
  16. ^ Jornal do Commercio, 22 de outubro de 1997, p. 12.
  17. ^ a b Jornal do Commercio, 17 de outubro de 1997, p. 10.
  18. ^ A Tribuna, 27 de outubro de 1997, p. 10.
  19. ^ Jornal do Commercio, 2-3 de novembro de 1997, p. 14.
  20. ^ a b c d Folha de São Paulo, 3 de novembro de 1997.
  21. ^ Jornal do Brasil, 22 de outubro de 1997, p. 6.
  22. ^ Palmerio 2017, p. 136.
  23. ^ a b O Pioneiro, 6 de novembro de 1997, p. 14.
  24. ^ Palmerio 2017, p. 138.
  25. ^ Berquó et al. 2004, p. 12.
  26. ^ a b Palmerio 2017, p. 137.
  27. ^ Costa 2004, p. 11.
  28. ^ Jornal do Commercio, 10 de novembro de 1997, p. 22.
  29. ^ Folha de Londrina, 12 de dezembro de 1999.
  30. ^ Bôas, IAE, pp. 18–22.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Much of the delay is due to the technological embargo Brazil suffered from the G-7. This only ended in 1995 when the country signed the treaty on non-proliferation of high destruction missiles (MITCR).[3] Another reason was the lack of financial resources for the project.[8]
  2. ^ "Jornal do Brasil" said that the rocket would be ignited by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso from the Planalto Palace through a satellite transmission system.[21]
  3. ^ The accident sequence is technically described in Palmerio 2017, pp. 136–139

Bibliography[edit]

(Chronological order)

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