1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections

1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1858 & 1859 August 6, 1860 – October 24, 1861 1862 & 1863 →
All 183 seats in the United States House of Representatives 92 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader William Pennington Samuel Cox Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat New Jersey 5th (lost re-election) Ohio 12th Last election 116 seats 83 seats Seats won 106 44 Seat change 10 54 Popular vote 1,793,876 1,520,785 Percentage 46.91% 39.77% Swing 10.32% 8.29%   Third party Fourth party   Party Union Southern Rights Last election 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 31[a] 1 Seat change 31 1 Popular vote 324,992[b] 52,501[c] Percentage 8.50% 1.37% Swing New New   Fifth party   Party Independent Last election 15 seats[d] Seats won 1[e] Seat change 14 Popular vote 105,210[f] Percentage 2.75% Swing 4.16%
Results      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Unionist gain      Independent hold
Speaker before election William Pennington Republican Elected Speaker Galusha Grow Republican

The 1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 6, 1860, and October 24, 1861, before or after the first session of the 37th United States Congress convened on July 4, 1861. The number of House seats initially increased to 239 when California was apportioned an extra one, but these elections were affected by the outbreak of the American Civil War and resulted in over 56 vacancies.

In November 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency. Though Republicans lost seats, the party won a House majority anyway as seven slave states reacted to Lincoln's election by seceding before the Presidential inauguration. These seceding states formed the Confederacy in February 1861 while withdrawing many Representatives and Senators from Congress, almost all Democrats. As both sides in the impending American Civil War initially mobilized troops, another four slave states seceded by May 1861 in response to Lincoln's policy of using Federal force to defend Federal property and to coerce the seven initially seceding states. The four remaining slave states did not secede, electing and returning Representatives normally.

Unionist regions of three seceding states returned ten Representatives: five from western Virginia, three from eastern Tennessee, and two from southern Louisiana. Except for a tiny minority of outspoken Democrats, all Representatives supported the Union. Representatives opposing Democrats but unwilling to identify as Republican, particularly from slave states and including some remaining nativist American Party members, coalesced as the Unionist Party. In coalition with the Unionists, Republicans commanded over a two-thirds House supermajority.^[1]

California was apportioned one additional seat for the 37th Congress,^[2] increasing the total seats to 239.

Representatives from seceding states overwhelmingly were Democrats. Withdrawal of these Representatives boosted Republican House control. Some seceding states held Federal elections, but seceded before the elected Representatives served. Other seceding states held no Federal elections.

↓

44	1	108	30
Democratic	[g]	Republican	Unionist

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Democratic		Republican		Unionist[h]		Others
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Kansas[i]	At-large	December 1, 1859	1	0		1	1	0		0
Oregon	At-large	June 4, 1860	1	1		0		0		0
Arkansas	District	August 6, 1860	2	2		0		0		0
Missouri	District	August 6, 1860	7	5	1	1	1	1	1	0	1[j]
Vermont	District	September 4, 1860	3	0		3		0		0
Maine	District	September 10, 1860	6	0		6		0		0
Florida	At-large	October 1, 1860	1	1		0		0		0
South Carolina	District	October 8–9, 1860	6	6		0		0		0
Indiana	District	October 9, 1860	11	4		7		0		0
Iowa	District	October 9, 1860	2	0		2		0		0
Ohio	District	October 9, 1860	21	8	2	13	2	0		0
Pennsylvania	District	October 9, 1860	25	6	1	19	1	0		0
Delaware	At-large	November 6, 1860 (Election Day)[k]	1	0	1	0		1	1	0
Illinois	District		9	5		4		0		0
Massachusetts	District		11	0		10	1	1	1	0
Michigan	District		4	0	1	4	1	0		0
Minnesota	At-large		2	0		2		0		0
New Jersey	District		5	3	1	2	1	0		0
New York	District		33	10[e]	3	23	3	0		0
Wisconsin	District		3	0	1	3	1	0		0
Late elections (after the March 4, 1861 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire	District	March 12, 1861	3	0		3		0		0
Connecticut	District	April 1, 1861	4	2	2	2	2	0		0
Rhode Island	District	April 3, 1861	2	0		0	2	2	2	0
Maryland	District	June 13, 1861	6	0	3	0		6	6	0	3[j]
Kentucky	District	June 20, 1861	10	1	4	0		9	9	0	5[l]
Late elections (after the July 4, 1861 beginning of the first session of the 37th Congress)
Tennessee[m]	District	August 1, 1861[3]	10[n]	0	3	0		3	3	0	7[l]
California	At-large	September 4, 1861	3[o]	0		3	1	0		0
Seceded states not holding full elections
Alabama	District	None	7	0	7	0		0		0
Georgia	District	None	8	0	6	0		0		0	2[p]
Louisiana	District	None	4	0	3	0		2[q]	2	0	1[l]
Mississippi	District	None	5	0	5	0		0		0
North Carolina	District	None	8	0	5	0		0		0	3[l]
Texas	District	None	2	0	2	0		0		0
Virginia	District	None	13[r]	0	12	0		5[s]	5	0	1[l]
Total[t]			181 58 vacancies	45[e] 24.6%	53	108 59.0%	8	30 16.4%	30	0 0.0%	24[u]

Popular vote Republican   46.91% Democratic   39.77% Unionist   8.50% Southern Rights   1.37% Independent   2.75% Others   0.70%

House seats Republican   57.92% Democratic   24.04% Unionist   16.94% Southern Rights   0.55% Independent   0.55%

There were special elections in 1860–61 during the 36th United States Congress and 37th United States Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[4]
Missouri 1	Francis P. Blair Jr.	Republican	1856 1858 (lost) 1860 (contested)	Incumbent resigned June 25, 1860. New member elected October 3, 1860. Democratic gain. Winner lost election to the next term; see below.	▌Y John R. Barret (Democratic) 50.27% ▌Francis P. Blair Jr. (Republican) 49.70% ▌Albert Todd (American) 0.02%
Pennsylvania 8	John Schwartz	Anti-Lecompton Democratic	1858	Incumbent died June 20, 1860. New member elected October 9, 1860. Democratic hold. Winner was not a candidate for election to the next term.	▌Y Jacob K. McKenty (Democratic) 56.19% ▌James McKnight (Republican) 43.81%
Maine 5	Israel Washburn Jr.	Republican	1850	Incumbent resigned January 1, 1861 to become Governor of Maine. New member elected November 6, 1860. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for election to the next term.	▌Y Stephen Coburn (Republican) 65.86% ▌Joseph D. Brown (Democratic) 14.47% ▌Joseph Chase (Breckinridge Democratic) 14.92% Others ▌Abner Coburn (Unknown) 0.86% ▌Ebenezer Hutchinson (Constitutional Union) 0.57% ▌Samuel Blake (Unknown) 0.32%
New York 31	Silas M. Burroughs	Republican	1856	Incumbent died June 3, 1860. New member elected November 6, 1860. Republican hold.	▌Y Edwin R. Reynolds (Republican) 59.02% ▌Linus J. Peck (Democratic) 39.09% ▌James L. Bowen (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.89%

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[5]
Ohio 7	Thomas Corwin	Republican	1858	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1861 to become U.S. Minister to Mexico. New member elected May 28, 1861 and seated July 4, 1861. Unionist gain.	▌Y Richard A. Harrison (Unionist) 52.65% ▌Aaron Harlan (Democratic) 47.35%
Ohio 13	John Sherman	Republican	1854	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1861 to become U.S. Senator. New member elected May 28, 1861 and seated July 4, 1861. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel T. Worcester (Republican) 55.85% ▌William McLaughlin (Democratic) 44.15%
Massachusetts 3	Charles F. Adams Sr.	Republican	1858	Incumbent resigned May 1, 1861 to become Ambassador to Great Britain. New member elected June 11, 1861. Unionist gain.	▌Y Benjamin Thomas (Unionist) 90.80% ▌Eleazar Beal (Unknown) 9.2%
Pennsylvania 12	George W. Scranton	Republican	1858	Incumbent died March 24, 1861. New member elected June 21, 1861 and seated July 4, 1861. Democratic gain.	▌Y Hendrick B. Wright (Democratic, Unionist) 67.82% ▌David R. Randall (Independent) 32.18
Pennsylvania 2	Edward Joy Morris	Republican	1856	Incumbent resigned June 8, 1861 to become U.S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire. New member elected June 21, 1861 and seated July 2, 1861. Democratic gain.	▌Y Charles J. Biddle (Union Democratic) 51.59% ▌Charles O'Neill (People's) 48.41%
Iowa 1	Samuel Curtis	Republican	1856	Incumbent resigned August 4, 1861 to become colonel of the 2nd Iowa Infantry. New member elected October 8, 1861. Republican hold.	▌Y James F. Wilson (Republican) 56.66% ▌Jairus Edward Neal (Democratic) 40.94% Scattering 2.40%
Virginia 11	John S. Carlile	Unionist	1859	Incumbent resigned July 9, 1861 to become United States Senator from the loyal faction of Virginia. New member elected October 24, 1861 and seated December 2, 1861. Unionist hold.	▌Y Jacob B. Blair (Unionist) ▌Frost (Unknown) ▌Haywood (Unknown) Incomplete data
Massachusetts 5	William Appleton	Constitutional Union	1850 1854 (lost) 1860	Incumbent resigned September 27, 1861 due to failing health. New member elected November 5, 1861 and seated December 2, 1861. Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel Hooper (Republican) 56.14% ▌George B. Upton (Democratic) 43.86%
Illinois 6	John A. McClernand	Democratic	1859 (special)	Incumbent resigned October 28, 1861 to accept a commission as brigadier general of volunteers for service in the Civil War. New member elected December 12, 1861. Democratic hold.	▌Y Anthony L. Knapp (Democratic) 97.92% Scattering 2.08%

In the wake of the declared secession of South Carolina from the Union on December 20, 1860, many Southern House members, mostly Democrats, refused to take their seats. Before 1872, different states held elections at various times; the first elections for the 37th Congress were held on August 6, 1860, in Arkansas and Missouri, while the last election took place in California on September 4, 1861, a year later. Three Southern states – Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina – chose Representatives before the presidential election, electing seven Democrats and two independents. These were the only House elections from the seceding states to the 37th Congress. After South Carolina resolved disunion and the Confederate States of America was formed, other Southern states declared as well and elected Representatives to the new Congress of the Confederate States instead of the United States Congress.

Since the states not holding elections had many strong Democratic districts – in the previous 36th Congress their Representatives included a total of 46 Democrats, 14 Oppositionists, five independents, and one member of the American Party – when Congress was called into session on July 4, 1861 (five months earlier than usual at the time) the size of the Democratic House caucus had been drastically reduced, resulting in a huge Republican majority.

Of the 183 seats, 102 were held by Republicans, 45 by Democrats,^[e] 23 by Unionists, and five others by one party each. There were several vacancies, and California had not held its election when Congress assembled.

US Congressional Party Transformation, 1857–1863[6]
Congress	35th 1857–59	36th 1859–61	37th 1861–63
United States House of Representatives
Seats (change)	237 (+3)	238 (+1)	183 (–55)
Republicans	90.38%	116.49%	108.59%
Unionists	0.0%	0.0%	31.17%
Americans (+)	14.6%	39.16% (4-way split)	0.0%
Democrats	133.56%	83.35%	44.24%
United States Senate
Seats (change)	66 (+4)	68 (+2)	50 (–18)
Republicans	20.30%	26.38%	31.62%
Unionists	0.0%	0.0%	3.6%
Americans	5.8%	2.3%	0.0%
Democrats	41.62%	38.58%	15.30%

In 1860, Lincoln's campaign brought the Republicans the Presidency. Likewise, the congressional elections also marked the transition from one major era of political parties to another. In just six years, over the course of the 35th, 36th–37th Congresses, a complete reversal of party fortunes swamped the Democrats.^[7]

Elections for Congress were held from August 1860 to June 1861. They were held before, during and after the pre-determined Presidential campaign. And they were held before, during and after the secessionist campaigns in various states as they were reported throughout the country. Political conditions varied hugely from time to time during the course of congressional selection, but they had been shifting to a considerable extent in the years running up to the crisis.^[9]

In the 1856 elections, the Democrats had taken the Presidency for the sixth time in the last 40 years, with James Buchanan's victory over John C. Fremont and Millard Fillmore. They held almost a two-thirds majority in both the US House and Senate. Democrats held onto the Senate during the midterm elections, but the four opposition parties then amounted to two-thirds of the House. The congressional elections in 1860 transformed Democratic fortunes: Republican and Unionist candidates won a two-thirds majority in both House and Senate.^[10]

After the secessionist withdrawal, resignation and expulsion, the Democrats would have less than 25% of the House for the 37th Congress, and that minority divided further between pro-unionists (Stephen Douglas), and anti-war (Clement Vallandingham) factions.^[11]

The politics of these elections were distinctive in every region of the country. The more conventional listing of Members in their state delegations, alphabetically by state, can be found in the 37th Congress article.

Party	Total seats	Change	Percentage
Republican	108	–8	59.0%
Democratic	44	–39	24.0%
Independent Democratic	1	–	0.5%
Constitutional Unionist	30	+30	16.3%
Totals	183	–56	100.0%

Each Region below lists the states composing it using Freehling's descriptions from 1860. The Representative's biographies are linked at their names. Each congressional district has a link, named by its state abbreviation and its assigned number or noted At-large election. In a time before the Census Department published aggregate population data by congressional district, the reader may have ready access to census data identifying the makeup of those each district by referring to their respective articles.

The articles use different formats. The constituent counties of congressional districts are sometimes listed in a content heading "List of representatives" within tables. These tables have a column naming the District's counties for each election, such as (a) "District Area" for Massachusetts, or (b) "Area" for Illinois and Maryland. Virginia uses "Historical composition of the district" to describe composition at each reapportionment. Pennsylvania notes the home county of the elected representative, sometimes holding the largest population for respective districts. Minnesota makes a geographical allusion for its 1st District applicable to the 37th Congress. Michigan uses "History" since 1852 for its 4th district. In some states, previous district composition is not described.

Connecticut — Maine — Massachusetts — New Hampshire — Rhode Island — Vermont

The twenty-nine seats in the House among these six states are divided 24 Republican, two Union one Constitutional Union, and two Democratic. The region is important nationally in manufacturing and intellectually as the center of literature, Transcendentalism and the abolition movement.

New Jersey — New York

The 38 Representatives from this region would seat 25 Republicans and thirteen Democrats. This region had the closest commercial and social ties to the South due to its sea-going commerce and trans-shipping cotton to local textile plants and for export.

Illinois — Indiana — Michigan — Ohio — Pennsylvania — Wisconsin

The 73 seats in this region were split 50 Republican, 23 Democratic. Illinois is the only state here with more Democrats than Republicans.

These are free-soil states, north of the Mason–Dixon line. These states had either abolished slavery, or Congress had forbidden it in their Territory, and they had forbidden it at the beginning of their statehood.^[12]

Delaware — Kentucky — Maryland — Missouri — Tennessee — Virginia

Of the 47 Representatives in these six states, 24 are Union Party, 1 Constitutional Union, 6 Democratic,– would be vacant in Virginia and Tennessee.

These were "slaveholding" states, all south of the Mason–Dixon line. The border south states had less than 2% to more than 19% of their 1860 population held as slaves, with an average of 13%; middle south states ranged from 25 to 33% slaves, with an average of 29%. (Deep South 43–57%, except Texas, with 30%.)^[13]

Eight seats in Virginia and seven seats in Tennessee represented large numbers of citizens resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. They were declared vacant in 37th Congress documents.^[14]

California — Iowa — Kansas — Minnesota — Oregon — Non-voting members

West of the Mississippi, there were 16 Representatives from states, and 9 Delegates from territories. The states elected nine Republicans and one Democrat. The Territories elected four Republicans, one Democrat and two Independents.

When California entered the Union, it broke the free soil - slave state tie in the Senate. Minnesota, and Oregon followed as free-soil states. Once Congress was depleted of the secessionist Democrats, the lame-duck 36th Congress admitted Kansas as a free state in January 1861, in time for it to send a Representative to the 37th Congress in March. The Republican Congress elected in 1860 began funding the transcontinental railroad, in July 1862. Nevada was admitted before the end of the Civil War in the next, 38th, Congress.

Alabama — Arkansas — Florida — Georgia — Louisiana — Mississippi — North Carolina — South Carolina — Texas

Forty-three seats represented large numbers of citizens in nine states resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. The following state delegations were entirely vacated.

Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia are accounted for in the "Border South and Middle South" section.

Alabama did not elect members to the House.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Alabama 1	James Stallworth	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 2	James L. Pugh	Democratic	1859	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 3	David Clopton	Democratic	1859	Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 4	Sydenham Moore	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 5	George S. Houston	Democratic	1851	Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 6	Williamson Cobb	Democratic	1847	Incumbent withdrew January 30, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Alabama 7	Jabez L. M. Curry	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.

Arkansas elected its members on August 6, 1860. Elected representatives were unable to take seats as Congress convened after the state had already succeeded.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Arkansas 1	Thomas C. Hindman	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y Thomas C. Hindman (Democratic) 67.40% ▌Jesse N. Cypert (Independent) 32.60%
Arkansas 2	Albert Rust	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Independent gain. Seat later vacated.	▌Y Edward W. Gantt (Independent) 54.38% ▌Charles B. Mitchel (Democratic) 42.69% ▌James A. Jones (Independent) 2.92%

From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at large, with the top two vote-getters winning the election from 1849 to 1858. In the 1860 census, California gained a seat in the House.

California elected its members on September 4, 1861, after the first session of the new Congress began.

The top three vote-getters were elected, but only the top two were seated at the beginning of the session. When Congress later authorized California the third seat, Frederick Low was seated June 3, 1862.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
California at-large	John C. Burch	Democratic	1859	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) 16% ▌Y Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) 15.7% ▌Y Frederick Low[v] (Republican) 12.1% ▌Henry Edgerton (Union Democratic) 11% ▌Joseph C. McKibben (Union Democratic) 11% ▌Frank Ganahl (Breckinridge Democratic) 9.8% ▌Henry P. Barber (Breckinridge Democratic) 9.8% ▌D. O. Shattuck (Breckinridge Democratic) 7.5% ▌John R. Gitchell (Union Democratic) 7%
	Charles L. Scott	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.
	None (new seat)			New seat. Republican gain.

See non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut elected its members on April 1, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

Data comes from the State of Connecticut Elections Database. Candidates with less than 5 have been grouped into others. Dubin does not mention any other votes beyond the top two candidates but provides the same numbers. Dubin also lists the Republicans as Unionists.^[16] Following the party affiliation listed on the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[17]
Connecticut 1	Dwight Loomis	Republican	1859	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Dwight Loomis (Republican) 50.3% ▌Alvan P. Hyde (Democratic) 49.6% Others <0.01
Connecticut 2	John Woodruff	Republican	1855 1856 (lost) 1859	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y James E. English (Democratic) 52.3% ▌John Woodruff (Republican) 47.7% Others <0.01
Connecticut 3	Alfred A. Burnham	Republican	1859	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alfred A. Burnham (Republican) 57.2% ▌Rufus L. Baker (Democratic) 42.8% Others <0.01
Connecticut 4	Orris S. Ferry	Republican	1859	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y George C. Woodruff (Democratic) 50.2% ▌Orris S. Ferry (Republican) 49.8% Others <0.01

See non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware elected its member on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Delaware at-large	William G. Whiteley	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. People's (Unionist) gain.	▌Y George P. Fisher (People's) 48.39% ▌Benjamin T. Biggs (Breckinridge Democratic) 46.85% ▌Elias Reed (Douglas Democratic) 4.76%

Florida elected its member on October 1, 1860. Hilton never took his seat as Congress convened after the state had already succeeded.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Florida at-large	George S. Hawkins	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. Seat later vacated.	▌Y Robert Benjamin Hilton (Democratic) 59.89% ▌B. F. Allen (Opposition) 40.11%

Georgia did not elect members to the House.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1	Peter E. Love	Democratic	1859	Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia 2	Martin J. Crawford	Democratic	1855	Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia 3	Thomas Hardeman Jr.	Opposition	1859	Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861. Opposition loss.	None.
Georgia 4	Lucius J. Gartrell	Democratic	1857	Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia 5	John W. H. Underwood	Democratic	1859	Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia 6	James Jackson	Democratic	1857	Incumbent resigned January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia 7	Joshua Hill	Know Nothing	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861. Know Nothing loss.	None.
Georgia 8	John J. Jones	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 23, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.

Illinois elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Illinois 1	Elihu B. Washburne	Republican	1852	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Elihu B. Washburne (Republican) 70.59% ▌Theodore A. C. Beard (Democratic) 29.41%
Illinois 2	John F. Farnsworth	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Isaac N. Arnold (Republican) 64.53% ▌Augustus N. Herrington (Democratic) 35.47%
Illinois 3	Owen Lovejoy	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Owen Lovejoy (Republican) 61.1% ▌Robert N. Murray (Democratic) 38.9%
Illinois 4	William Kellogg	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Kellogg (Republican) 54.65% ▌Robert G. Ingersoll (Democratic) 45.35%
Illinois 5	Isaac N. Morris	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William A. Richardson (Democratic) 53.58% ▌Benjamin M. Prentiss (Republican) 46.42%
Illinois 6	John A. McClernand	Democratic	1859 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John A. McClernand (Democratic) 56.62% ▌Henry Case (Republican) 43.38%
Illinois 7	James C. Robinson	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James C. Robinson (Democratic) 54.07% ▌James T. Cunningham (Republican) 45.93%
Illinois 8	Philip B. Fouke	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Philip B. Fouke (Democratic) 55.48% ▌Joseph Gillespie (Republican) 44.52%
Illinois 9	John A. Logan	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John A. Logan (Democratic) 79.54% ▌David T. Linegar (Independent) 19.85%

Indiana elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Indiana 1	William E. Niblack	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y John Law (Democratic) 55.67% ▌Lemuel Q. Debruler (Republican) 44.33%
Indiana 2	William H. English	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y James A. Cravens (Democratic) 51.28% ▌John S. Davis (Republican) 48.72%
Indiana 3	William M. Dunn	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William M. Dunn (Republican) 54.54% ▌William Mitchel Daily (Democratic) 45.46%
Indiana 4	William S. Holman	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William S. Holman (Democratic) 51.22% ▌James L. Yater (Republican) 48.78%
Indiana 5	David Kilgore	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y George W. Julian (Republican) 62.00% ▌William A. Bickle (Democratic) 38.00%
Indiana 6	Albert G. Porter	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Albert G. Porter (Republican) 52.29% ▌Robert L. Walpole (Democratic) 47.71%
Indiana 7	John G. Davis	Anti-Lecompton Democrat	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) 51.46% ▌Thomas H. Nelson (Republican) 47.28% ▌James A. Scott (Independent) 1.26%
Indiana 8	James Wilson	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Albert S. White (Republican) 53.67% ▌Samuel C. Wilson (Democratic) 46.33%
Indiana 9	Schuyler Colfax	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Schuyler Colfax (Republican) 55.71% ▌Charles W. Cathcart (Democratic) 44.29%
Indiana 10	Charles Case	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William Mitchell (Republican) 55.62% ▌Philip M. Henkle (Democratic) 44.38%
Indiana 11	John U. Pettit	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John P. C. Shanks (Republican) 54.08% ▌Asbury Steele (Democratic) 45.92%

Iowa elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Iowa 1	Samuel R. Curtis	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel R. Curtis (Republican) 52.88% ▌C. C. Cole (Democratic) 47.12%
Iowa 2	William Vandever	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Vandever (Republican) 57.50% ▌Ben M. Samuels (Democratic) 42.50%

There are no records of an election being held for the 37th Congress. It's mostly likely that Conway served into the 37th Congress without an additional election.^[18]

Kansas elected its members on June 20, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Kentucky 1	Henry C. Burnett	Democratic	1855	Incumbent re-elected under a new party. Southern Rights gain.	▌Y Henry C. Burnett (Southern Rights) 59.08%[w] ▌ Lawrence S. Trimble (Unionist) 40.92%
Kentucky 2	Samuel Peyton	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost renomination. Unionist gain.	▌Y James S. Jackson (Unionist) 73.4% ▌ John T. Bunch (Southern Rights) 26.6%
Kentucky 3	Francis Bristow	Opposition	1854 (special) 1855 (retired) 1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Henry Grider (Unionist) 76.95% ▌ Joseph Horace Lewis (Southern Rights) 23.05%
Kentucky 4	William C. Anderson	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Aaron Harding (Unionist) 80.72% ▌ Albert G. Talbott (Southern Rights) 19.28%
Kentucky 5	John Y. Brown	Democratic	1859	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Unionist gain.	▌Y Charles A. Wickliffe (Unionist) 75.14% ▌ H. E. Read (Southern Rights) 24.86%
Kentucky 6	George W. Dunlap	Opposition	1847 1849 (retired) 1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Charles A. Wickliffe (Unionist) 97.32% ▌ Alfred Smith (Southern Rights) 1.83% Scattering 0.85
Kentucky 7	Robert Mallory	Opposition	1859	Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist. Unionist gain.	▌Y Robert Mallory (Unionist) 79.41% ▌ Horatio Washington Bruce (Southern Rights) 20.59%
Kentucky 8	William E. Simms	Democratic	1859	Incumbent lost re-election. Unionist gain.	▌Y John J. Crittenden (Unionist) 59.18% ▌ William E. Simms (Southern Rights) 40.82%
Kentucky 9	Laban T. Moore	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y William H. Wadsworth (Unionist) 75.91% ▌ John L. Williams (Southern Rights) 24.09%
Kentucky 10	John W. Stevenson	Democratic	1857	Incumbent lost re-election. Unionist gain.	▌Y John W. Menzies (Unionist) 65.18% ▌ Overton P. Hogan (Southern Rights) 29.38% ▌ Thomas L. Jones (Independent) (withdrew) 5.43%

Although Louisiana had withdrawn from the Union during the Civil War, elections were held on December 3, 1862, for the two congressional districts in portions of the state under Union control.^[20] The seats had been vacant since the end of the 36th Congress; however, Flanders and Hahn were not seated until February 17, 1863,^[21] 15 days before the end of their term.^[22]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[5]
Louisiana 1	John Edward Bouligny	Know Nothing	1859	Seat expired at end of 36th Congress with the withdrawal of Louisiana from the Union. Unionist gain.	▌Y Benjamin Flanders (Unionist) 93.08% ▌John Edward Bouligny (Unionist) 6.27% Scattering 0.64
Louisiana 2	Miles Taylor	Democratic	1855	Seat expired at end of 36th Congress with the withdrawal of Louisiana from the Union. Unionist gain.	▌Y Michael Hahn (Unionist) 54.7% ▌Edward Henry Durell (Unionist) 28.49% ▌Jacob Barker (Secessionist) 8.85% ▌W. R. Greathouse (Unknown) 6.98% Scattering 0.98
Louisiana 3	Thomas G. Davidson	Democratic	1855	No member elected. Democratic loss.	None.
Louisiana 4	John M. Landrum	Democratic	1859	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.

Maine elected its members on September 10, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Maine 1	Daniel E. Somes	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John N. Goodwin (Republican) 53.00% ▌Thomas M. Hayes (Democratic) 46.55% ▌Nathan Webb (Constitutional Union) 0.45%
Maine 2	John J. Perry	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Charles W. Walton (Republican) 55.68% ▌Calvin Record (Democratic) 44.32%
Maine 3	Ezra B. French	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel C. Fessenden (Republican) 52.54% ▌Alfred W. Johnson (Democratic) 47.46%
Maine 4	Freeman H. Morse	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Anson Morrill (Republican) 61.59% ▌Benjamin A. Fuller (Democratic) 35.24% ▌George C. Getchell (Unknown) 1.49% ▌Bion Bradbury (Unknown) 0.77% ▌Freeman H. Morse (Unknown) 0.55% Scattering 0.36
Maine 5	Israel Washburn Jr.	Republican	1850	Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Maine. Republican hold.	▌Y John H. Rice (Republican) 59.76% ▌Samuel H. Blake (Democratic) 38.74% ▌Ebenezer Hutchinson (Constitutional Union) 1.04% Scattering 0.47%
Maine 6	Stephen C. Foster	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Frederick A. Pike (Republican) 54.27% ▌Bion Bradbury (Democratic) 44.72% Scattering 1.01%

Maryland elected its members on June 13, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Maryland 1	James A. Stewart	Democratic	1855	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y John W. Crisfield (Unionist) 57.39% ▌Daniel McHenry (States Rights) 42.61%
Maryland 2	Edwin H. Webster	Know Nothing	1859	Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist. Unionist gain.	▌Y Edwin H. Webster (Unionist) 98.63% Scattering 1.37%
Maryland 3	J. Morrison Harris	Know Nothing	1855	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Cornelius Leary (Unionist) 51.95% ▌William P. Preston (States Rights) 48.05%
Maryland 4	Henry W. Davis	Know Nothing	1855	Incumbent lost re-election as a Unionist. Unionist gain.	▌Y Henry May (Union and Peace) 57.55% ▌Henry W. Davis (Unionist) 42.45%
Maryland 5	Jacob M. Kunkel	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Francis Thomas (Unionist) 96.18% Scattering 3.82%
Maryland 6	George W. Hughes	Democratic	1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain.	▌Y Charles B. Calvert (Unionist) 50.92% ▌Benjamin G. Harris (States Rights) 49.08%

Massachusetts elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Massachusetts 1	Thomas D. Eliot	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas D. Eliot (Republican) 72.52% ▌Daniel Fisher (Constitutional Union) 10.47% ▌Moses Bates (Democratic) 8.67% ▌F. E. Sanford (Breckinridge Democratic) 8.34%
Massachusetts 2	James Buffington	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Buffington (Republican) 68.40% ▌Alexander Long (Democratic; Constitutional Union) 29.85%
Massachusetts 3	Charles Francis Adams Sr.	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles Francis Adams Sr. (Republican) 58.57% ▌Leverett Saltonstall (Democratic) 41.43%
Massachusetts 4	Alexander H. Rice	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alexander H. Rice (Republican) 52.32% ▌Erastus B. Bigelow (Democratic; Constitutional Union; Breckinridge Democratic) 47.68%
Massachusetts 5	Anson Burlingame	Republican	1854	Incumbent lost re-election. Constitutional Union gain.	▌Y William Appleton (Constitutional Union; Democratic; Breckinridge Democratic) 50.82% ▌Anson Burlingame (Republican) 49.18%
Massachusetts 6	John B. Alley	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John B. Alley (Republican) 63.07% ▌Otis P. Lord (Constitutional Union) 16.16% ▌Jefferson Knight (Democratic) 14.39% ▌George B. Loring (Breckinridge Democratic) 4.72% Scattering 1.65%
Massachusetts 7	Daniel W. Gooch	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel W. Gooch (Republican) 60.48% ▌Charles A. Welch (Democratic; Constitutional Union) 35.79% ▌George Johnson (Breckinridge Democratic) 3.74%
Massachusetts 8	Charles R. Train	Republican	1859	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles R. Train (Republican) 64.88% ▌Alpheus R. Brown (Democratic) 16.71% ▌Winthrop E. Faulkner (Constitutional Union) 15.67% ▌James C. Abbott (Breckinridge Democratic) 2.74%
Massachusetts 9	Eli Thayer	Constitutional Union	1856	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Goldsmith Bailey (Republican) 54.74% ▌Eli Thayer (Constitutional Union) 44.65% ▌S. W. Stevens (Breckinridge Democratic) 0.61%
Massachusetts 10	Charles Delano	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles Delano (Republican) 75.39% ▌Josiah Allis (Democratic) 19.02% ▌Benning Leavitt (Breckenridge Democratic) 5.6%
Massachusetts 11	Henry L. Dawes	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 67.71% ▌Norman T. Leonard (Democratic) 28.60% ▌John M. Cole (Breckinridge Democratic) 3.69%

Michigan its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Michigan 1	William A. Howard	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Bradley F. Granger (Republican) 52.51% ▌George V. Lathrop (Democratic) 47.03% ▌John Conely (Unknown) 0.45%
Michigan 2	Henry Waldron	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Fernando C. Beaman (Republican) 60.16% ▌Salathiel C. Coffenberry (Democratic) 39.84%
Michigan 3	Francis W. Kellogg	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Francis W. Kellogg (Republican) 59.04% ▌Thomas B. Church (Democratic) 40.59% ▌John Bell (Unknown) 0.37%
Michigan 4	Dewitt C. Leach	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Rowland E. Trowbridge (Republican) 55.79% ▌Edward Thompson (Democratic) 44.21%

Minnesota elected its members on November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[15]
Minnesota at-large	Cyrus Aldrich	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Cyrus Aldrich (Republican) 31.75% ▌William Windom (Republican) 31.51% ▌John M. Gilman (Democratic) 17.30% ▌James George (Democratic) 17.24% ▌Alonzo Jay Edgerton (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.12% ▌James W. Taylor (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.09%
Minnesota at-large	William Windom	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.

Mississippi seceded on January 9, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi 1	Lucius Q. C. Lamar	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired in December 1860. Democratic loss.	None.
Mississippi 2	Reuben Davis	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Mississippi 3	William Barksdale	Democratic	1855	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Mississippi 4	Otho R. Singleton	Democratic	1857	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Mississippi 5	John J. McRae	Democratic	1858 (special)	Incumbent withdrew January 12, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.

Missouri elected its members on September 10, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[23]
Missouri 1	John R. Barret	Democratic	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Francis Preston Blair Jr. (Republican) 44.11% ▌John R. Barret (Democratic) 38.39% ▌Albert Todd (Constitutional Union) 17.49%
Missouri 2	Thomas L. Anderson	Independent Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Constitutional Union gain.	▌Y James S. Rollins (Constitutional Union) 50.57% ▌John B. Henderson (Democratic) 49.43%
Missouri 3	John Bullock Clark	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Bullock Clark (Democratic) 59.53% ▌M. C. Hawkins (Constitutional Union) 40.47%
Missouri 4	James Craig	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost renomination.[24] Democratic hold	▌Y Elijah Hise Norton (Democratic) 62.30% ▌John Scott (Constitutional Union) 37.70%
Missouri 5	Samuel H. Woodson	Know Nothing	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John William Reid (Democratic) 52.82% ▌F. T. Mitchell (Constitutional Union) 47.18%
Missouri 6	John S. Phelps	Democratic	1844	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John S. Phelps (Democratic) 48.92% ▌J. S. Rains (Constitutional Union) 40.19% ▌William C. Price (Democratic) 10.89%
Missouri 7	John W. Noell	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John W. Noell (Democratic) 73.45% ▌David E. Perryman (Constitutional Union) 26.55%

See non-voting delegates, below.

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire elected its members on March 12, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
New Hampshire 1	Gilman Marston	Republican	1859	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Gilman Marston (Republican) 52.86% ▌Daniel Marcy (Democratic) 47.14%
New Hampshire 2	Mason Tappan	Republican	1855	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Edward H. Rollins (Republican) 52.36 ▌Samuel N. Bell (Democratic) 47.64%
New Hampshire 3	Thomas M. Edwards	Republican	1859	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas M. Edwards (Republican) 54.23% ▌William Burns (Democratic) 45.77%

New Jersey its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[25]
New Jersey 1	John T. Nixon	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John T. Nixon (Republican) 50.95% ▌Joseph F. Learning (Democratic) 49.05%
New Jersey 2	John L. N. Stratton	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John L. N. Stratton (Republican) 52.77% ▌Augustus Green (Democratic) 47.23%
New Jersey 3	Garnett Adrain	Anti-Lecompton Democrat	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William G. Steele (Democratic) 55.17% ▌Alexander Berthoud (Republican) 44.83%
New Jersey 4	Jetur R. Riggs	Anti-Lecompton Democrat	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y George T. Cobb (Democratic) 52.63% ▌Benjamin Edsell (Republican) 47.37%
New Jersey 5	William Pennington	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Nehemiah Perry (Democratic) 50.63% ▌William Pennington (Republican) 49.37%

See non-voting delegates, below.

New York its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[25]
New York 1	Luther C. Carter	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Edward H. Smith (Democratic) 52.78% ▌Luther C. Carter (Republican) 47.22%
New York 2	James Humphrey	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Moses F. Odell (Democratic) 55.07% ▌James Humphrey (Republican) 44.93%
New York 3	Daniel Sickles	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Benjamin Wood (Democratic) 52.83% ▌Amer J. Williamson (Republican) 41.11% ▌John Y. Savage (Ind. Democratic) 6.05%
New York 4	Thomas J. Barr	Independent Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic hold.	▌Y James Kerrigan (Ind. Democratic) 41.30% ▌Michael Tuomy (Democratic) 32.02% ▌John Commerford (Republican) 26.68%
New York 5	William B. Maclay	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y William Wall (Republican) 41.00% ▌Nelson Taylor (Democratic) 40.61% ▌John Duffy (Ind. Democratic) 18.39%
New York 6	John Cochrane	Democratic	1856	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican gain.	▌Y Frederick A. Conkling (Republican) 35.10% ▌John Cochrane (Ind. Democratic) 34.16% ▌John W. Chanler (Democratic) 30.74%
New York 7	George Briggs	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Elijah Ward (Democratic) 56.23% ▌Augustus F. Dow (Republican) 43.77%
New York 8	Horace F. Clark	Anti-Lecompton Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Isaac C. Delaplaine (Democratic) 59.04% ▌Abram Wakeman (Republican) 40.96%
New York 9	John B. Haskin	Anti-Lecompton Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Edward Haight (Democratic) 53.54% ▌Thomas Nelson (Republican) 46.46%
New York 10	Charles Van Wyck	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles Van Wyck (Republican) 50.45% ▌Daniel B. St. John (Democratic) 49.55%
New York 11	William S. Kenyon	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John B. Steele (Democratic) 50.38% ▌Peter H. Silvester (Republican) 49.62%
New York 12	Charles Lewis Beale	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Stephen Baker (Republican) 51.99% ▌Ambrose Wager (Democratic) 46.34% ▌John H. Overheister (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.67%
New York 13	Abram B. Olin	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Abram B. Olin (Republican) 51.13% ▌Issac McConihe (Democratic) 48.87%
New York 14	John H. Reynolds	Anti-Lecompton Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Erastus Corning (Democratic) 51.85% ▌Thomas W. Olcott (Republican) 48.15%
New York 15	James B. McKean	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James B. McKean (Republican) 58.76% ▌Emerson E. Davis (Democratic) 41.24%
New York 16	George W. Palmer	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William A. Wheeler (Republican) 58.73% ▌Augustus C. Hand (Democratic) 41.27%
New York 17	Francis E. Spinner	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Socrates N. Sherman (Republican) 68.39% ▌Henry G. Foote (Democratic) 31.61%
New York 18	Clark B. Cochrane	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Chauncey Vibbard (Democratic) 50.88% ▌Simon H. Mix (Republican) 49.12%
New York 19	James H. Graham	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Richard Franchot (Republican) 56.97% ▌Lyman J. Walworth (Democratic) 43.03%
New York 20	Roscoe Conkling	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Roscoe Conkling (Republican) 58.28% ▌De Witt C. Grover (Democratic) 41.72%
New York 21	R. Holland Duell	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y R. Holland Duell (Republican) 62.21% ▌Simon C. Hitchcock (Democratic) 21.94% ▌Judson C. Nelson (Breckinridge Democratic) 15.86%
New York 22	M. Lindley Lee	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William E. Lansing (Republican) 63.73% ▌B. Franklin Chapman (Democratic) 36.27%
New York 23	Charles B. Hoard	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Ambrose W. Clark (Republican) 59.90% ▌James F. Starbuck (Democratic) 38.2% ▌George C. Sherman (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.90%
New York 24	Charles B. Sedgwick	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles B. Sedgwick (Republican) 60.42% ▌Lake Tefft (Democratic) 32.92% ▌Luther Hay (Breckinridge Democratic) 6.67%
New York 25	Martin Butterfield	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Theodore M. Pomeroy (Republican) 64.46% ▌William C. Beardsley (Democratic) 35.54%
New York 26	Emory B. Pottle	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Jacob P. Chamberlain (Republican) 58.26% ▌John L. Lewis (Democratic) 41.02% ▌George N. Clark (Independent) 0.72%
New York 27	Alfred Wells	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Alexander S. Diven (Republican) 57.20% ▌Harvey A. Dowe (Democratic) 42.80%
New York 28	William Irvine	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Robert B. Van Valkenburgh (Republican) 60.75% ▌Charles C. Walker (Democratic) 39.25%
New York 29	Alfred Ely	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alfred Ely (Republican) 59.41% ▌Mortimer F. Reynolds (Democratic) 40.59%
New York 30	Augustus Frank	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Augustus Frank (Republican) 67.49% ▌Martin F. Robinson (Democratic) 32.51%
New York 31	Edwin R. Reynolds	Republican	1860	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Burt Van Horn (Republican) 58.81% ▌Phineas L. Ely (Democratic) 39.94% ▌Jonathan L. Woods (Breckinridge Democratic) 1.26%
New York 32	Elbridge G. Spaulding	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Elbridge G. Spaulding (Republican) 52.82% ▌Solomon G. Haven (Democratic) 47.18%
New York 33	Reuben Fenton	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Reuben Fenton (Republican) 66.79% ▌Charles H. Lee (Democratic) 33.21%

North Carolina seceded on May 20, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1	William N. H. Smith	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Opposition loss.	None.
North Carolina 2	Thomas H. Ruffin	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.
North Carolina 3	Warren Winslow	Democratic	1855	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.
North Carolina 4	Lawrence O'Bryan Branch	Democratic	1855	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.
North Carolina 5	John A. Gilmer	Opposition	1857	Incumbent retired. Opposition loss.	None.
North Carolina 6	James M. Leach	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Opposition loss.	None.
North Carolina 7	F. Burton Craige	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.
North Carolina 8	Zebulon Vance	Democratic	1858 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[26][25]
Ohio 1	George H. Pendleton	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 48.87% ▌Oliver M. Spencer (Republican) 42.97% ▌A. E. Jones (Constitutional Union) 8.16%
Ohio 2	John A. Gurley	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John A. Gurley (Republican) 48.09% ▌Alexander Long (Democratic) 43.08% ▌John Scott Harrison (Constitutional Union) 8.83%
Ohio 3	Clement Vallandigham	Democratic	1858 (Won contest)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Clement Vallandigham (Democratic) 50.16% ▌Samuel Craighead (Republican) 49.55% ▌Andrew McClary (Unknown) 0.29%[x]
Ohio 4	William Allen	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Allen (Democratic) 51.73% ▌James Hart (Republican) 48.27%
Ohio 5	James M. Ashley	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James M. Ashley (Republican) 52.29% ▌James B. Steedman (Democratic) 47.71%
Ohio 6	William Howard	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Chilton A. White (Democratic) 53.23% ▌David H. Murphy (Republican) 46.77%
Ohio 7	Thomas Corwin	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Corwin (Republican) 69.95% ▌William B. Telfair (Democratic) 20.16% ▌William Stokes (Constitutional Union) 9.89%
Ohio 8	Benjamin Stanton	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 57.55% ▌James S. Harrison (Democratic) 41.23% ▌Edward P. Fyffe (Constitutional Union) 1.22%
Ohio 9	John Carey	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Warren P. Noble (Democratic) 51.12% ▌John Carey (Republican) 48.88%
Ohio 10	Carey A. Trimble	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Carey Trimble (Republican) 51.26% ▌Wells A. Hutchins (Democratic) 48.74%
Ohio 11	Charles D. Martin	Democratic	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Valentine B. Horton (Republican) 51.49% ▌Charles D. Martin (Democratic) 48.52%
Ohio 12	Samuel S. Cox	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel S. Cox (Democratic) 51.69% ▌Samuel Galloway (Republican) 47.54% ▌Thomas Sparrow (Unknown) 0.77%[x]
Ohio 13	John Sherman	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Sherman (Republican) 57.16% ▌Barnabas Burns (Democratic) 42.84%
Ohio 14	Harrison G. O. Blake	Republican	(Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Harrison G. O. Blake (Republican) 57.08% ▌Charles D. Prentiss (Democratic) 42.92%
Ohio 15	William Helmick	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Robert H. Nugen (Democratic) 52.13% ▌William Helmick (Republican) 47.87%
Ohio 16	Cydnor B. Tompkins	Republican	1856	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y William P. Cutler (Republican) 50.19% ▌Hugh J. Jewett (Democratic) 49.81%
Ohio 17	Thomas C. Theaker	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y James R. Morris (Democratic) 51.00% ▌Thomas C. Theaker (Republican) 45.17% ▌M. J. Glover (Constitutional Union) 3.83%
Ohio 18	Sidney Edgerton	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sidney Edgerton (Republican) 58.29% ▌David A. Starkweather (Democratic) 41.71%
Ohio 19	Edward Wade	Republican	1852	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Albert G. Riddle (Republican) 69.06% ▌Andrew J. Williams (Democratic) 30.94%
Ohio 20	John Hutchins	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Hutchins (Republican) 71.97% ▌David M. Wilson (Democratic) 28.03%
Ohio 21	John A. Bingham	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John A. Bingham (Republican) 61.17% ▌George Wells (Democratic) 33.71% ▌J. S. Blakely (Unknown) 5.12%[x]

Poorly coordinated state legislation created confusion. As a result, two elections were held in 1860: on June 4 (won by George K. Shiel and on November 6 (won by Andrew J. Thayer). Thayer was seated March 4, 1861, but Shiel contested the election. On July 30, 1861, the House Elections Committee seated the Shiel for the rest of the term ending March 3, 1863. Both disputants were Democrats.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[27]
Oregon at-large	Lansing Stout	Democratic	1858	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected June 4, 1860. Democratic hold. Winner successfully challenged the results of the other election and was seated July 30, 1861.	▌Y George Shiel (Democratic) 50.29% ▌David Logan (Republican) 49.71%
				Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected November 6, 1860. Democratic hold. Winner was initially seated but later lost election challenge.	▌Y Andrew J. Thayer (Democratic) 96.44% ▌George Shiel (Democratic) 3.08% ▌Joseph Showalter Smith (Unknown) 0.47%

Pennsylvania elected its members on October 9, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[28]
Pennsylvania 1	Thomas B. Florence	Democratic	1848	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William E. Lehman (Democratic) 44.98% ▌John M. Butler (Republican) 44.28% ▌Edward King (Constitutional Union) 10.74%
Pennsylvania 2	Edward J. Morris	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward J. Morris (Republican) 46.61% ▌John Broadhead (Democratic) 40.29% ▌Henry M. Fuller (Constitutional Union) 13.11%
Pennsylvania 3	John P. Verree	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John P. Verree (Republican) 49.07% ▌John Kline (Democratic) 48.95% ▌Henry M. Hamilton (Constitutional Union) 1.97%
Pennsylvania 4	William Millward	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William D. Kelley (Republican) 49.27% ▌William Morgan (Republican) 43.42% ▌John B. Robinson (Constitutional Union) 7.3%
Pennsylvania 5	John Wood	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William M. Davis (Republican) 47.90% ▌Harry Ingersoll (Democratic) 46.48% ▌James Rittenhouse (Constitutional Union) 5.62%
Pennsylvania 6	John Hickman	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected under a new party. Republican gain	▌Y John Hickman (Republican) 55.97% ▌John H. Brinton (Democratic) 42.51% ▌Frazier Smith (Anti-Lecompton Dem.) 1.52%
Pennsylvania 7	Henry Clay Longnecker	Republican	1858	Democratic gain	▌Y Thomas Buchecker Cooper (Democratic) 50.33% ▌Henry Clay Longnecker (Republican) 49.67%
Pennsylvania 8	Jacob K. McKenty	Democratic	1860	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Sydenham E. Ancona (Democratic) 58.42% ▌Levi B. Smith (Republican) 41.58%
Pennsylvania 9	Thaddeus Stevens	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thaddeus Stevens (Republican) 96.5% Scattering 3.5%
Pennsylvania 10	John W. Killinger	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John W. Killinger (Republican) 62.04% ▌James Worrell (Democratic) 37.96%
Pennsylvania 11	James H. Campbell	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James H. Campbell (Republican) 50.90% ▌John Hughes (Democratic) 49.10%
Pennsylvania 12	George W. Scranton	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George W. Scranton (Republican) 51.53% ▌David R. Randall (Democratic) 48.47%
Pennsylvania 13	William H. Dimmick	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Philip Johnson (Democratic) 57.30% ▌David K. Shoemaker (Republican) 42.70%
Pennsylvania 14	Galusha A. Grow	Republican	1850	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Galusha A. Grow (Republican) 71.38% ▌Daniel L. Serwood (Democratic) 28.62%
Pennsylvania 15	James Tracy Hale	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Tracy Hale (Republican) 53.76% ▌Robert Fleming (Democratic) 46.24%
Pennsylvania 16	Benjamin F. Junkin	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Joseph Bailey (Democratic) 50.75% ▌Benjamin F. Junkin (Republican) 49.25%
Pennsylvania 17	Edward McPherson	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward McPherson (Republican) 51.23% ▌William P Schell (Democratic) 48.77%
Pennsylvania 18	Samuel S. Blair	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel S. Blair (Republican) 57.64% ▌Archibald McAllister (Democratic) 42.36%
Pennsylvania 19	John Covode	Republican	1854	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Covode (Republican) 54.66% ▌Darwin Phelps (Democratic) 45.34%
Pennsylvania 20	William Montgomery	Democratic	1856	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Jesse Lazear (Democratic) 52.90% ▌Andrew Stewart (Republican) 47.10%
Pennsylvania 21	James K. Moorhead	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James K. Moorhead (Republican) 61.31% ▌James Kerr (Democratic) 38.69%
Pennsylvania 22	Robert McKnight	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Robert McKnight (Republican) 66.26% ▌Lewis Z. Mitchell (Ind. Democratic) 23.12% ▌George Case (Democratic) 10.62%
Pennsylvania 23	William Stewart	Republican	1856	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John W. Wallace (Republican) 55.58% ▌Samuel Holstein (Democratic) 44.42%
Pennsylvania 24	Chapin Hall	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John Patton (Republican) 53.58% ▌James K. Kerr (Democratic) 46.42%
Pennsylvania 25	Elijah Babbitt	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Elijah Babbitt (Republican) 65.85% ▌Edwin C. Wilson (Democratic) 34.15%

Rhode Island elected its members April 3, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened..

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
Rhode Island 1	Christopher Robinson	Republican	1859	Incumbent lost re-election. Unionist gain.	▌Y William P. Sheffield (Unionist) 51.25% ▌Christopher Robinson (Republican) 48.75%
Rhode Island 2	William D. Brayton	Republican	1859	Incumbent lost re-election. Unionist gain.	▌Y George H. Browne (Unionist) 53.52% ▌William D. Brayton (Republican) 46.48%

South Carolina its members October 8–9, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[16]
South Carolina 1	John McQueen	Democratic	1844	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y John McQueen (Democratic) 96.94% ▌Charles W. Miller (Unknown) 3.06%
South Carolina 2	William P. Miles	Democratic	1856	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y William P. Miles (Democratic) Unopposed
South Carolina 3	Laurence M. Keitt	Democratic	1853	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. Seat later vacated.	▌Y Lewis Malone Ayer Jr. (Democratic) 73.77% ▌George P. Elliot (Unknown) 26.23%
South Carolina 4	Milledge L. Bonham	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y Milledge L. Bonham (Democratic) Unopposed
South Carolina 5	John D. Ashmore	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y John D. Ashmore (Democratic) Unopposed
South Carolina 6	William W. Boyce	Democratic	1853	Incumbent re-elected. Seat later vacated.	▌Y William W. Boyce (Democratic) Unopposed

Tennessee elected its members for both the Confederate and Union Congresses on August 1, 1861, but only in East Tennessee for the Union, after the first session of the new Congress began. In districts 1-3 the contests were between candidates seeking to serve in different governments. Votes for the Confederate and Union Congress were deposited in the same box and counted together. Additionally, during the same election, ballots were cast for some of these individuals as candidates only for the U.S. Congress. These votes were tallied separately. The leading secessionist candidate in each district received his certificate of election to the Confederate Congress.^[29][30]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[5]
Tennessee 1	Thomas A. R. Nelson	Opposition	1859	Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist but was captured by Confederate soldiers. Unionist gain.	▌Y Thomas A. R. Nelson (USC) 53.86% (elected to Congress) ▌Y Joseph B. Heiskell (CC) 39.84% (elected to Confederate Congress) ▌? Caldwell (CC) 4.98% ▌ William McFarland (USC) 1.32%
					▌Y Thomas A. R. Nelson (USC) 90.66% (elected to Congress) ▌ William McFarland (USC) 6.67% ▌Frederick Heiskell (USC) 2.67%
Tennessee 2	Horace Maynard	Opposition	1857	Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist. Unionist gain.	▌Y Horace Maynard (USC) 59.23% (elected to Congress) ▌Y James T. Shields (CC) 40.77% (elected to Confederate Congress)
					Incomplete data
Tennessee 3	Reese B. Brabson	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Unionist gain. Winner was prevented from taking his seat by his arrest.	▌Y George W. Bridges (USC) 52.75% (elected to Congress) ▌Y A. B. Welcker (CC) 46.80% (elected to Confederate Congress) ▌Samuel A. Smith (Unknown) 0.45%
					▌Y George W. Bridges (USC) 100% (elected to Congress)
Tennessee 4	William B. Stokes	Democratic	1859	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. Unionist gain.	▌Y A. J. Clements (Unionist) Unopposed
Tennessee 5	Robert H. Hatton	Opposition	1859	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. Opposition loss.	None.
Tennessee 6	James H. Thomas	Opposition	1859	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. Opposition loss.	None.
Tennessee 7	John V. Wright	Democratic	1855	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. Democratic loss.	None.
Tennessee 8	James M. Quarles	Opposition	1859	Incumbent retired. Opposition loss.	None.
Tennessee 9	Emerson Etheridge	Opposition	1853 1857 (lost) 1859	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. Opposition loss.	None.
Tennessee 10	William T. Avery	Democratic	1857	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	None.

Texas seceded on February 1, 1861, and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Texas 1	John H. Reagan	Democratic	1859	Incumbent resigned January 15, 1861. Democratic loss.	None.
Texas 2	Andrew J. Hamilton	Independent Democratic	1859	Incumbent retired. Independent Democratic loss.	None.

See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont its members September 4, 1860.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[31]
Vermont 1	E. P. Walton	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ × × €4.95 / month Favourites List Audio Listining Color Mode Monthly New Updates Fullname * Email * Credit or debit card Subscribe A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Notice Message: Undefined variable: userid Filename: user/popup_modal.php Line Number: 68 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_modal.php Line: 68 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 478 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once "> Subscribe Now Premium Membership × €4.95 € 9.90 / month Create a Premium Account quick and easy Save your Favourite Pages Listen to any page in Audio Colour Night Mode Create your Account Modal title × Close Save changes Cancel Subscription × 1860–61_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" id="cancelSubscription" name="cancelSubscription" class="mb-0"> Are you sure you want to cancel your membership with us? A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Notice Message: Undefined variable: user_membership Filename: user/popup_modal.php Line Number: 192 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_modal.php Line: 192 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 478 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Warning Message: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() Filename: user/popup_modal.php Line Number: 192 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_modal.php Line: 192 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 478 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Notice Message: Undefined variable: userid Filename: user/popup_modal.php Line Number: 208 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_modal.php Line: 208 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 478 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once "> Yes Cancel Continue Subscription Harry Potter Books × A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Notice Message: Undefined variable: products Filename: user/popup_harry_book.php Line Number: 24 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_harry_book.php Line: 24 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 479 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once A PHP Error was encountered Severity: Warning Message: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() Filename: user/popup_harry_book.php Line Number: 24 Backtrace: File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/user/popup_harry_book.php Line: 24 Function: _error_handler File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/views/page/index.php Line: 479 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/application/controllers/Main.php Line: 107 Function: view File: /var/www/wikizero/data/www/wikizero.com/index.php Line: 315 Function: require_once