1975 in spaceflight

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1975 in spaceflight
Artist's impression of the ASTP docking
Orbital launches
First10 January
Last27 December
Total132
Catalogued125
National firsts
Satellite India
Rockets
Maiden flightsAtlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Delta 3000
Diamant-BP4
Long March 2C
N-I
Scout F-1
Titan III(34)B
RetirementsAtlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
Delta 1000
Diamant-BP4
Saturn IB
Scout F-1
Crewed flights
Orbital4
Suborbital1
Total travellers9

In 1975, several notable events occurred in spaceflight, including the launches of Venera 9 and 10 and their Venus arrivals, the launches of the Viking Mars missions, the joint American-Soviet Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), the failure of Soyuz 7K-T 39, and the launch of Aryabhatta, India's first satellite.

  • The Venera 9 mission was launched 8 June 1975 and on 20 October 1975 became the first spacecraft to orbit Venus; two days later its lander returned the first images from the surface of any planet (other than Earth).
  • Venera 10 was launched on 14 June 1975; it entered orbit of Venus on 23 October 1975 and its lander arrived on the surface of Venus on 25 October 1975. Both Venera 9 and Venera 10 returned various scientific observations of Venus and black-and-white television pictures from the planet's surface.
  • Viking 1 was launched on 20 August 1975 and Viking 2 was launched 9 September 1975. This orbiter/lander mission was to photograph the surface of Mars in 1976.
  • The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was a collaboration between the United States and the Soviet Union that saw an end to the space race. The mission was launched on 15 July 1975, with the Soyuz returning on 21 July and Apollo on 24 July.
  • On 5 April, Soyuz 7K-T 39 aborted after the second and third stages failed to separate, with the crew pulling over 21 g on a ballistic reentry.
  • On 19 April, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhatta, was launched on a Soviet Kosmos-3M.

Launches

[edit]
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January

[edit]
10 January
21:43:37 		Soviet UnionSoyuz Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionSoyuz 17 Low Earth (Salyut 4) Salyut expedition 19 February
11:03		 Successful
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, first mission to Salyut 4
17 January
09:00 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Baikonur Site 31/6 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 702 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #54) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 29 January Successful
21 January
11:04 		Soviet Union Kosmos-2 Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 133/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 703 (DS-P1-Yu #74) Low Earth Radar calibration 20 November Successful
22 January
17:55 		United States Delta 2910 Delta 107 United States Vandenberg AFB SLC-2W United States
United States Landsat 2 (ERTS B) NASA Sun-synchronous (SSO) Earth observation In orbit Successful
23 January
11:00 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 704 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #35) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 6 February Successful
28 January
12:05 		Soviet Union Kosmos-2 Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 133/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 705 (DS-P1-Yu #75) Low Earth Radar calibration 18 November Successful
30 January
15:02 		Soviet Union Molniya-M/Blok 2BL Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 706 (US-K #4) Molniya orbit Missile early warning In orbit Successful

February

[edit]
5 February
13:15 		Soviet Union Kosmos-3M Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 132/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 707 (Tselina-O #26) Low Earth ELINT 7 September 1980 Successful
6 February
04:49 		Soviet Union Molniya-M/Blok ML Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Molniya-2 12 Molniya orbit Communications 4 August 1985 Successful
6 February
16:35 		France Diamant BP4 French Guiana Guiana Space Centre ELD France CNES
France Starlette CNES Low Earth Geodesy In orbit Successful
6 February
22:04 		United States Delta 2914 Delta 108 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17B United States USAF
United States SMS-2 NASA Geostationary Weather In orbit Successful
12 February
03:30 		Soviet Union Kosmos-3M Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 132/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 708 (Sfera #13) Low Earth Geodesy In orbit Successful
12 February
14:30 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 709 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #36) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 February Successful
20 February
23:35 		United States Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A AC-33
United Nations Intelsat IV F-6 Intelsat Intended: Geostationary Communications 20 February Launch failure
Error during booster separation caused a reset of the guidance computer, leading to the loss of control.[1] Range safety sent the flight termination command at T+413 seconds.
24 February
05:25 		JapanM-3C JapanKagoshima Space Center LP-M JapanISAS
JapanSRATS (Taiyo) ISAS Highly elliptical orbit Ionosphere research 29 June 1980 Successful
26 February
09:00 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Baikonur Site 31/6 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 710 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #37) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 12 March Successful
14:01
28 February 		Soviet Union Kosmos-3M Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 711 to 718 (Strela-1M × 8) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful

March

[edit]
10 March
04:41 		United States Titan III(34)B United States Vandenberg AFB SLC-4W United States USAF
United States Jumpseat 4 (OPS 2439) NRO Molniya orbit SIGINT In orbit Successful
12 March
08:55 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Baikonur Site 31/6 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 719 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #38) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 March Successful
21 March
06:50 		Soviet Union Soyuz-U Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 43/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 720 (Zenit-4MT/Orion #8) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance, test spacecraft 3 April Successful
26 March
08:50 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 721 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #55) and Nauka-5KSA 1L GRU, AN SSSR Low Earth Reconnaissance, research 7 April Successful
Nauka research payload carried inside Zenit-2M reentry capsule.
27 March
08:00 		Soviet Union Voskhod Soviet Union Baikonur Site 31/6 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 722 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #39) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 9 April Successful
27 March
14:30 		Soviet Union Kosmos-3M Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 132/1 Soviet Union
United Nations Interkosmos 13 (DS-U2-IK #6) Interkosmos Low Earth Radiation belts and upper atmosphere research 2 September 1980 Successful
Cooperative project of Czechoslovakia and the USSR

April

[edit]
1 April
12:30 		Soviet Union Vostok-2M Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Meteor-1 21 Low Earth Weather In orbit Successful
2 April
11:00 		Soviet Union Tsyklon-2 Soviet Union Baikonur Site 90/20 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 723 (US-A #9) Low Earth Radar ocean surveillance In orbit Successful
5 April
11:04:54 		Soviet UnionSoyuz Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionSoyuz 7K-T #39 Intended: Low Earth (Salyut 4) Salyut expedition 11:26 Launch failure
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, first and second core stages failed to separate, flight aborted and crew returned on suborbital trajectory
7 April
11:00 		Soviet Union Tsyklon-2 Soviet Union Baikonur Site 90/20 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 724 (US-A #10) Low Earth Radar ocean surveillance In orbit Successful
8 April
18:29 		Soviet Union Kosmos-2 Soviet Union Plesetsk Site 133/1 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Kosmos 725 (DS-P1-Yu #76) Low Earth Radar calibration 6 January 1976 Successful
9 April
23:58:02 		United States Delta 1410 United States Vandenberg SLC-2W United States NASA
United States GEOS-3 NASA Low Earth Geodesy In orbit Successful
19 April Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet Union Interkosmos
IndiaAryabhatta ISRO Low Earth X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics studies 11 February 1992 Launch success, payload partial failure
First Indian satellite; payload failed 4–5 days after launch

May

[edit]
7 May
22:45:01 		United States Scout F-1 Italy San Marco mobile range, Kenya Italy CRS
United StatesSAS 3 NASA Low Earth X-ray astronomy 9 April 1979 Successful
24 May
14:58:10 		Soviet UnionSoyuz Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionSoyuz 18 Low Earth (Salyut 4) Salyut expedition 26 July
14:18		 Successful
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, final mission to Salyut 4

June

[edit]

July

[edit]
15 July
14:58:10 		Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionSoyuz 19 Low Earth (Apollo) International docking 21 July
10:50		 Successful
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, Soviet contribution to the Apollo Soyuz Test Project
15 July
19:50:01 		United StatesSaturn IB United StatesKennedy LC-39B United StatesNASA
United StatesApollo NASA Low Earth (Soyuz 19) International docking 24 July
21:18		 Successful
United StatesDM-2 NASA Low Earth (Apollo) Docking adaptor 2 August Successful
Crewed flight with three astronauts, American contribution to the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, final flight of the Apollo programme and the Saturn rocket
26 July
13:28 		ChinaFeng Bao 1 ChinaJiquan Satellite Launch Center, LA-2B (Site 138)
ChinaJSSW 1 (CK 1) Low Earth Unknown 14 September Successful
First successful orbital launch of Feng Bao 1.

August

[edit]
20 August
21:22:00 		United StatesTitan IIIE United StatesCape Canaveral LC-41 United States
United StatesViking 1 Orbiter NASA Areocentric Mars orbiter In orbit Successful
United StatesViking 1 Lander NASA Areocentric Mars lander 20 July 1976
11:53:06		 Successful
Lander landed in Chryse Planitia, becoming the first US spacecraft to land on Mars. It operated until 11 November 1982 when communications were lost due to an erroneous command being sent to the spacecraft. Orbiter was deactivated on 17 August 1980.

September

[edit]
9 September
05:30 		JapanUnited StatesN-I N1F JapanTanegashima Space Center LP-N (LA-Y1) JapanNASDA
JapanETS 1 (Kiku 1) NASDA Low Earth Technology test In orbit Successful
First flight of N-I, first satellite launched by NASDA
9 September
18:39:00 		United StatesTitan IIIE United StatesCape Canaveral LC-41 United States
United StatesViking 2 Orbiter NASA Areocentric Mars orbiter In orbit Successful
United StatesViking 2 Lander NASA Areocentric Mars lander 3 September 1976
22:58:20		 Successful
Lander landed in Utopia Planitia and operated until its batteries failed on 11 April 1980. Orbiter was deactivated on 25 July 1978.

October

[edit]
16 October
22:40:00 		United States Delta 2914 United States Cape Canaveral SLC-17B United States NASA
United States GOES 1 NOAA Geostationary Meteorology In orbit Successful
First operational geostationary weather satellite. Deactivated on March 7, 1985

November

[edit]

December

[edit]
16 December
09:19 		China Feng Bao 1 China Jiquan Satellite Launch Center, LA-2B (Site 138)
China JSSW 2 (CK 2) Low Earth Unknown 27 January 1976 Successful

Deep space rendezvous

[edit]
Date Spacecraft Event Remarks
16 March Mariner 10 3rd flyby of Mercury Closest approach: 327 kilometres (203 mi)
20 October Venera 9 Cytherocentric orbit insertion First orbiter of Venus
22 October Venera 9 lander Venerian landing Landed at 05:13 UTC; first images from Venus surface
23 October Venera 10 Cytherocentric orbit insertion
25 October Venera 10 lander Venerian landing Landed at 05:17 UTC

EVAs

[edit]
Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Remarks

References

[edit]
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Atlas-SLV3D Centaur-D1A | Intelsat 4 F6". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 28 September 2024.


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