Berkeley High School (California)

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Berkeley High School
Address
Map
1980 Allston Way

Berkeley
,
California
94704

United States
Coordinates37°52′04″N 122°16′17″W / 37.86772°N 122.27141°W / 37.86772; -122.27141
Information
School typePublic high school
Established1880
School districtBerkeley Unified School District
NCES District ID0604740
NCES School ID060474000432
PrincipalJuan Raygoza
Teaching staff179.35 (FTE)[1]
Grades9-12
Enrollment3,204 (2022–2023)[1]
Student to teacher ratio17.86[1]
Hours in school day7
Campus typeUrban
Color(s)Red and gold   
Athletics conferenceWest Alameda County (WAC)
NicknameYellowjackets
AccreditationWestern Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)
NewspaperBerkeley High Jacket
YearbookOlla Podrida
Feeder schoolsKing Middle School
Willard Middle School
Longfellow Middle School
WebsiteBerkeley High School
[2]

Berkeley High School is a public high school in the Berkeley Unified School District, and the only public high school in the city of Berkeley, California, United States . It is located one long block west of Shattuck Avenue and three short blocks south of University Avenue in Downtown Berkeley. The school mascot is the Yellowjacket.

Some of the campus buildings are recognized as a Berkeley Landmark by the city;[3] and since January 7, 2008 eight of the campus buildings were designated a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places under the name, the Berkeley High School Campus Historic District.[4][5]

History

[edit]
Old Berkeley High School
Berkeley High School, rear view of building showing toppled chimneys after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

The first public high school classes in Berkeley were held at the Kellogg Primary School located at Oxford and Center streets adjacent to the campus of the University of California.[6] It opened in 1880 and the first high school graduation occurred in 1884. In 1895, the first high school annual was published, entitled the Crimson and Gold (changed to Olla Podrida by 1899).

In 1900, the citizens of Berkeley voted in favor of a bond measure to establish the first dedicated public high school campus in the city. In 1901, construction began on the northwest portion of the present site of the high school. The main school building stood on the corner of Grove (now Martin Luther King Way) and Allston Way, where the "H" building is located today. At that time, Kittredge Street ran through what is today's campus site instead of ending at Milvia. The local office of the Bay Cities Telephone Company sat on the site of today's administration building at the corner of Allston Way and Milvia by 1911.

On Arbor Day of 1902, noted naturalist John Muir joined Berkeley's mayor William H. Marston in planting a giant sequoia in a yard south of the new high school buildings.[7] The tree is apparently no longer there, pending results from a future investigation.

The main building of the high school suffered moderate damage in the form of toppled chimneys, broken windows and some weakened walls as a result of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California included one of his own photographs (shown at left) of the damage in his famous report issued in 1908.[8] The building was subsequently repaired and re-opened. In 1934, it was demolished[9] and soon thereafter replaced by the buildings that stand there now, the "H" and "G" buildings.

In 1955, Berkeley High School band director Bob Lutt (who eventually was made executive director of the Berkeley Symphony Orchestra), founded Cazadero Performing Arts Camp.

In 1964, the West Campus of Berkeley High School was opened in the buildings of the former Burbank Junior High School at Bonar Street and University Avenue. It served all ninth graders, while the main campus served grades 10–12, except for an interval from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s when it was 7–9 to accommodate construction at Willard Junior High School. It was turned over to the Berkeley Adult School in 1986, which used it until 2004. West Campus is currently closed, but the main building is being used as the administrative offices of the Berkeley Unified School District.

A number of famous performers have played at the Berkeley Community Theater on the Berkeley High campus. On May 23, 1952, Paul Robeson sang, despite a small McCarthy-era furor.[10][11] In 1957, Stan Getz was one of the featured performers of the Berkeley Jazz Festival.[12]

A significant portion of students and faculty alike were involved with the various forms of political activism which characterized the sixties in Berkeley, including protests against the Vietnam War, advocacy for civil rights and third world studies, and supporting People's Park.[13] The campus included a Black Students Union, Chicano Student Union, and Asian Student Union (formerly called the Oriental Student Union). In 1971, Berkeley High students elected a homosexual male African American student as Homecoming Queen.[14]

Berkeley High School has been innovative in its high school curriculum. In the fall of 1970, a "school within a school" opened at Berkeley High, called Community High School. It was "alternative", in keeping with the sixties culture which permeated life in Berkeley at the time. By 1974, there were several small schools within Berkeley High: Genesis-Agora (formerly Community and Community 2), Model School A, School of the Arts, and College Prep. Berkeley High School was also the first public high school in the United States with an African American Studies department, established in 1969.[15]

The campus was designated a historic district, the Berkeley High School Campus Historic District, by the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 2008.[4][5]

Administration and organization

[edit]

Demographics

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Berkeley High demographics, as of the 2017–2018 school year, out of 3,118 enrolled students:[16]

  • 463 (15%) African American or Black
  • 7 (0.2%) American Indian or Alaska Native
  • 251 (8%) Asian
  • 22 (0.7%) Filipino
  • 731 (23%) Hispanic or Latino
  • 11 (0.3%) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian
  • 1,258 (40%) White, non-Hispanic
  • 375 (12%) identifying as two or more races
  • 949 (30%) received free/reduced meal, English learners or foster youth
  • 884 (28%) received free and reduced price meals
  • 177 (6%) English learners
  • 652 (21%) fluent English proficient

Achievement gap

[edit]

The achievement gap refers to the academic disparity between certain groups, including African-Americans, Latinos, students whose first language is not English, and students living in poverty, that perform significantly below others.[17] This gap extends beyond the results of standardized test scores and also applies to the disparity between certain groups regarding dropout rates, participation in honors classes and Advanced Placement (AP) exams, and numbers of students admitted to colleges.[18] Due to Berkeley High School's racially, ethnically and socio-economically diverse student population, it has been called the "most integrated high school in America."[19] However an achievement gap continues to exist between the white students and black and Latino students. For example, for the 2017–18 school year, the percentages of white students who graduated with the requirements for the UC application fulfilled was 86%, compared to 40% of black students and 50% of Latino students.[16] In 2015, the graduation rate for English learners was 68%--much lower than any other group.[20] Beyond academics and looking at student performance and behavior, "white and hispanic students are suspended less frequently than African-American students," and black students are much more frequently expelled, drop out, are absent, and/or are enrolled in remedial classes and special education.[20] Regarding post-graduation, "many white and Asian students graduate with honors and attend elite colleges and universities, while few blacks and Latino students follow a similar path."[16]

Small schools

[edit]

In 2000, in an attempt to better serve its diverse community and close the achievement gap between white students and students of color, BHS began experimenting with the idea of small schools.[21][22] In 2005, Berkeley High School officially established four small schools and a comprehensive program, Academic Choice.

The small schools that began the 2005-06 school with 240 students were

  • The Arts and Humanities Academy (AHA)
  • Communication Arts and Sciences (CAS)
  • Academy of Medicine and Public Service (AMPS)

In addition to the smaller schools, there are two Comprehensive Learning Communities which compose nearly two-thirds of the student body, between 1000 and 1300 students. Academic Choice (AC) and Berkeley International High School (BIHS) - part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) program as of 2007 - make up this Comprehensive Learning Community.

  • Academic Choice (AC)
  • Berkeley International High School (BIHS)

Prior to the Fall 2018 school year, upon enrolling at Berkeley High School incoming freshmen immediately chose to join one of the five learning communities that vary in size, academic emphasis and offerings.[23] Taking into account these preferences as well as a student's zip code, a lottery system determined the student's placement in one of the small schools. However, after several years, it was clear that the learning communities model had made little progress in closing the academic achievement gap between students at BHS.[24] A demographic breakdown of small schools from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) Report from 2011 to 2012 reported that within AC was 12% Latino students, 19% African American students, and 41% white, and within IB was 11% Latino, 29% African American and 47% white; while within AMPS was 24% Latino, 51% African American and 9% white.[25] Moreover, Green Academy (now discontinued) and AMPS were the learning communities with the most students who scored not proficient in Math and English California Standards Test (CST) scores.

Demographics and Math/English proficiency rates by learning community

[edit]

The following demographics data was disaggregated by learning community by the BUSD WASC Self-Study of 2011–2012. Note that Green Academy and Life Academy have been discontinued.

BHS Demographics 2010-2011

Small school Native/Asian/Pacific Latino African American White Multi Unknown Total
Academic Choice (AC) 13% 12% 19% 41% 11% 4% 1336
Arts and Humanities Academy (AHA) 8% 14% 30% 36% 10% 1% 236
Berkeley International High School (BIHS) 9% 11% 20% 47% 11% 2% 918
Communications Arts & Sciences (CAS) 5% 19% 34% 27% 13% 1% 231
Medicine and Public Service (AMPS) 6% 24% 51% 9% 7% 3% 238
Green Academy (discontinued) 10% 12% 44% 20% 11% 3% 261
Life Academy (discontinued) 0% 14% 62% 5% 19% 0% 21
All of BHS 10% 13% 26% 37% 11% 3% 3241
Independent Study Program 9% 9% 33% 38% 11% 159

The following California Standards Test (CST) data was disaggregated by learning community by the BUSD Department of Evaluation and compares the proficiency rates of Berkeley High School's six learning communities.[26] Note that Green Academy has been discontinued.

Percent of students "proficient or above" in Math and English California Standards Test (CST) scores

Small school Enrollment 2011 English 2007 English 2011 Math 2007 Math 2011
Academic Choice (AC) 1,300 67% 57% 36% 30%
Berkeley International High School (BIHS) 900 64% 69% 39% 33%
Arts and Humanities (AHA) 240 40% 47% 12% 7%
Communication Arts & Sciences (CAS) 240 42% 31% 5% 6%
Medicine & Public Service (AMPS) 240 28% 22% 4% 2%
Green Academy (now discontinued) 280 36% 30% 7% 6%
Berkeley High School average 3,200 51% 52% 24% 23%
California state average 41% 49% 21% 28%

Possible achievement gap explanations

[edit]

A policy exists surrounding students who wish to be placed in IB or AC (the most rigorous of the small schools) that guarantees them a spot in one of those small schools if they don't list any other choices. "The majority of white students and Asian students who come into school don't choose the small learning communities, they only choose IB or AC" and this policy hasn't been removed because parents have fought against students having to be placed in a small learning community if they did not want them to.[20] Segregation among students is another possible explanation for the persistence of the achievement gap. A BHS teacher said that "freshmen often will decide their learning community based on stereotypes within the school."[23] "Much of the segregation occurs during the nonstructural part of the school day: before and after school, during lunch and between classes."[19] Segregation inside schools is directly influenced by segregation outside of school, and in Berkeley white students are more reported to be from middle and upper-middle-class families living the Berkeley hills while minority students are more reported to come from lower income families in the more flatland neighborhoods.[27]

Universal 9th grade

[edit]

In 2015, administrators began discussions about reorganizing the high school.[28][29][30] The Berkeley Redesign Project involved teachers, staff, students and parents. The first major change was to switch to a "universal 9th grade," in which freshmen will be placed in core groups of 120 students, with the choice of learning community beginning in tenth grade. This is intended to counter the occurrence of freshmen choosing their learning community based on stereotypes within the school and give them the opportunity to learn what the communities are like first-hand before they decide which one to join by creating a "randomized and intentionally heterogenous collection of students who would share a core group of teachers" that monitor the students and make sure none slip through the cracks.[23] Originally slated to start in the fall of 2017, the program began in the fall of 2018.[31] These core groups, called hives, are composed of about 120 students who share 4 teachers in their core subject areas: Math 1 (or Advanced Math 1), Physics 1, English, and Ethnic Studies/Social Living. Students also get to choose two electives. "At the end of ninth grade, students then have the opportunity to rank one of the five learning communities at Berkeley High School for their 10th-12th grade education."[32] After the BHS lottery process and upon being placed into a learning community, students are required to fulfill each learning community's unique academic requirements and are able to choose additional courses from individual departments, like African American Studies, Math, Performing and Visual Arts, Physical Education, Science and World Language.[33] If students prefer a more flexible and individualized education, they have the option of Berkeley Independent Study (BIS) as an alternative to the traditional classroom environment.

Potential future changes

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More ideas addressing the achievement gap include implementing an additional period strictly for advising so as to provide not just academic support and guidance with course selection, but social and emotional support as well—especially with regards post-graduation plans. One worry, however, is the fact that because academic disparities among racial and socioeconomic groups are established in elementary and middle school, these programs aimed at closing the achievement gap at BHS won't make that much of a difference.[23] The argument is then made for elementary and middle schools to make similar efforts in order to reduce those disparities more early on. To add, the development of interactive feedback loops would give districts the potential to continuously measure effectiveness and then implement alterations or modifications to its programs.[34] A 5-year reform by the Bay Area School Reform Collaborative (BASRC) stresses the importance of adequate professional development for teachers to ensure they are fully prepared to implement school-wide programs for positive change, including teachers being treated as active learners through trainings and workshops and being empowered as professionals by each other and teacher educators.[35]

Independent ratings

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Berkeley High School has been rated by several independent organizations. It currently receives a rating of 8/10 by GreatSchools, which utilizes test score, college readiness, course offering, equity, and discipline data to evaluate schools. It receives a grade of A+ by Niche, which utilizes public data and user reviews.

Departments, parent and student organizations

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  • African American Studies Department[36]
  • Academic Choice Advisory Council[37]
  • Athletics: basketball,[38] badminton, crew,[39] cross country,[40] football,[41] women's lacrosse,[42] men's lacrosse,[43] track and field[44]
  • BHS Athletic Fund,[45] association football
  • Computer Technology
  • Robotics
  • ESL/ELL
  • English and World Language
  • History
  • JSA[46]
  • Mathematics
  • Journalism, which produces the locally prominent school newspaper, the Berkeley High Jacket[47]
  • Physical Education
  • PTSA[48]
  • Science
  • Special Education
  • Visual and Performing Arts: Jazz Ensemble [49]
  • Youth & Government[50]

Campus and architecture

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See also: Berkeley Community Theatre

The Berkeley High School campus covers four city blocks between Milvia Street and Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and Allston and Channing Ways. The first cornerstone was laid in 1901, and the complex has been under almost continuous construction ever since, except for a decade around World War II.[51] In the late 1930s, Berkeley High was remodeled and old buildings were replaced with newer ones. The Florence Schwimley Little Theater, the Berkeley Community Theatre, and the G and H buildings are prime examples of the Streamline Moderne style designed by architects Henry H. Gutterson and William G. Corlett. The rebuilding was financed largely through Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal program the WPA.[52] They are embellished with sculptural reliefs by Robert Boardman Howard, Jacques Schnier and Lulu Hawkins Braghetta.[53]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) people
[edit]

Berkeley was the subject of "School Colors", an episode of PBS's Frontline about racial politics at Berkeley High School. The documentary was filmed throughout the 1993–1994 school year and aired on October 18, 1994.[54]

In the 2011 Isabel Allende novel El Cuaderno de Maya, the title character Maya Vidal attended Berkeley High.[55][56]

Nancy Rubin, who taught the class "Social Living" at Berkeley High for several decades, published a 1994 book titled Ask Me If I Care: Voices from an American High School which addresses teen social issues and is compiled from journal entries by anonymous Berkeley High School students written during their Social Living classes.[57] She and her class were the subject of episode 2 season 1 of the documentary series "Hi I'm ___" released December 2021.

Berkeley High School students in 2001 compiled and published a dictionary of youth slang.[58]

The 2020 episode of Reply All titled "Candidate One" was about the school body president elections for the 2019 school year.[59]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Berkeley High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  2. ^ "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Berkeley High". ed.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  3. ^ "List of Designated City Landmarks, Structures of Merit & Historic Districts" (PDF). City of Berkeley. January 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Berkeley High School Campus Historic District". NPGallery Digital Asset Management System.
  5. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Berkeley High School Campus Historic District". National Park Service. January 7, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2023. With accompanying pictures
  6. ^ "History of Berkeley High | Berkeley Unified School District". 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  7. ^ "Alameda County History; Chapter XIX: Berkeley". Past and Present of Alameda County, California. S. J. Clarke Pub. Co. 1914. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved July 5, 2018 – via Calarchives4u.com.
  8. ^ California State Earthquake Investigation Commission (1908). The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission. Carnegie Institution of Washington. plate 119. Retrieved 20 March 2015 – via Internet Archive.
  9. ^ photograph with informational caption, Berkeley Public Library
  10. ^ San Francisco Chronicle, April 23, 1952
  11. ^ "Berkeley Board of Education Meeting minutes" (PDF). berkeleyschools.net. May 1952. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-27.
  12. ^ Oakland Tribune, August 2, 1957
  13. ^ Fountain, Aaron G. Jr. (Summer 2015). "The War in the Schools". California History. 92 (2): 22–41. doi:10.1525/ch.2015.92.2.22.
  14. ^ Staff, SF Weekly (2008-09-17). "Yellowjackets stings Berkeley High's rep". SFWeekly. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  15. ^ "Fate of Berkeley High African-American Studies Program Unclear". The Daily Californian. Retrieved September 26, 2008 – via dailycal.org.[dead link]
  16. ^ a b c "EdData - School Profile - Berkeley High". www.ed-data.org. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  17. ^ E., Snow, Catherine (2003). Adolescent literacy and the achievement gap : what do we know and where do we go from here?. Carnegie Corporation. OCLC 59671519.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Ladson-Billings, Gloria (October 2006). "From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement in U.S. Schools". Educational Researcher. 35 (7): 3–12. doi:10.3102/0013189x035007003. ISSN 0013-189X. S2CID 145286865.
  19. ^ a b "Redirecting..." heinonline.org. Retrieved 2018-11-01. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  20. ^ a b c Orenstein, Natalie (2017-03-23). "New state report card goes beyond test scores for Berkeley schools". Berkeleyside. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  21. ^ "Unfinished Business: Closing The Achievement Gap At Berkeley High School (first chapter)". inmotionmagazine.com. In Motion Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  22. ^ Noguera, Pedro A.; Wing, Jean Yonemura (2006). Unfinished Business: Closing the Racial Achievement Gap in Our Schools. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470384442.
  23. ^ a b c d "Berkeley High taking action to close academic achievement gap | The Daily Californian". The Daily Californian. 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  24. ^ Swan, Rachel (11 March 2009). "Separate and Unequal at Berkeley's Small Schools". eastbayexpress.com. East Bay Express. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Berkeley High School, WASC Self-Study 2011-2012" (PDF). Berkeley Unified School District. 2011–2012.
  26. ^ "Berkeley Unified School District High School Data Analysis" (PDF). berkeleyschools.net. April 25, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  27. ^ Rothstein, Richard (2015-03-01). "The Racial Achievement Gap, Segregated Schools, and Segregated Neighborhoods: A Constitutional Insult". Race and Social Problems. 7 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/s12552-014-9134-1. ISSN 1867-1756. S2CID 144219774.
  28. ^ "Archival Info on School Redesign/U9" (PDF). Berkeley High School. Berkeley Unified School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  29. ^ Dinkelspiel, Frances (6 June 2016). "Berkeley High may overhaul schedule, classes to address achievement gap". Berkeleyside.com. Berkeleyside. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  30. ^ Sampson-Eves, Millicent (14 March 2017). "Teachers Plan School Redesign". Berkeley High Jacket. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  31. ^ "BHS Universal Ninth Grade". Berkeley High School. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  32. ^ "BHS Universal 9th Grade | Berkeley High School". bhs.berkeleyschools.net. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  33. ^ "Berkeley High School 2017-2018 Choices Brochure" (PDF). www.berkeleyschools.net. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  34. ^ Leithwood, Kenneth (2010). "Characteristics of School Districts that Are Exceptionally Effective in Closing the Achievement Gap". Leadership and Policy in Schools. 9 (3): 245–291. doi:10.1080/15700761003731500. S2CID 145781426.
  35. ^ Lieberman, Ann; Miller, Lynne (2001). Teachers Caught in the Action: Professional Development that Matters. Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807740996.
  36. ^ Peng, Cindy (February 28, 2005). "Berkeley High Program Connects Students to Past: African American Studies Department Widens Historical Scope". The Daily Californian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  37. ^ "Academic Choice Advisory Council (ACAC) Meeting Minutes" (PDF). berkeleyschools.net. May 5, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-23.
  38. ^ basketball Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Berkeley High Crew". www.berkeleyhighcrew.org.
  40. ^ "Berkeley High School Cross Country". 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
  41. ^ football[permanent dead link]
  42. ^ women's lacrosse Archived 2005-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "men's lacrosse". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
  44. ^ "Berkeley High School Cross Country Track & Field". Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  45. ^ "Berkeley High Athletic Fund -". Berkeley High Athletic Fund. Archived from the original on August 28, 2005.
  46. ^ JSA Archived 2008-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "BHS Jacket". bhsjacket.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  48. ^ "PTSA". Archived from the original on November 23, 2005.
  49. ^ "BHS Jazz". BHS Jazz. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  50. ^ "Youth & Government | YMCA-PG&E Teen Center | YMCA of the Central Bay Area". ymca-cba.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  51. ^ "History of Berkeley High - Berkeley Unified School District". www.berkeleyschools.net. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  52. ^ Smith, Harvey L. (2014).Berkeley and the New Deal, p. 51.
  53. ^ Smith, pp. 70-73.
  54. ^ "Continuing the Discussion: School Colors". PBS.org. WGBH/PBS. Archived from the original on September 6, 2005.
  55. ^ "Author Isabel Allende enlightens Berkeley audience". San Jose Mercury News. May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  56. ^ Warwick, Mal (May 9, 2013). "Isabel Allende's new novel has a Berkeley twist". Berkeleyside. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  57. ^ "Ask Me If I Care: Voices from an American High School" (Review). Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
  58. ^ May, Meredith (April 29, 2001). "Talkin' off the hizzle with homeys / Berkeley High dictionary can help parents translate latest slang". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
  59. ^ "#163 Candidate One | Reply All". Gimlet. Retrieved 2021-01-14.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Berkeley, California: the story of the evolution of a hamlet into a city of culture and commerce by William Warren Ferrier, Imprint Berkeley, Calif. (1933)
  • Berkeley: The Town and the Gown of It, by George A. Pettitt, Howell-North Books, Berkeley (1973)
  • Sanborn Insurance Map: Berkeley, California, Plate 83 (1911)
[edit]
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