Camillien Houde

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Camillien Houde" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

His Worship Camillien Houde CBE OStJ
Camillien Houde in 1930
34th Mayor of Montreal
In office 1928–1932
Preceded by	Médéric Martin
Succeeded by	Fernand Rinfret
In office 1934–1936
Preceded by	Fernand Rinfret
Succeeded by	Adhémar Raynault
In office 1938–1940
Preceded by	Adhémar Raynault
Succeeded by	Adhémar Raynault
In office 1944–1954
Preceded by	Adhémar Raynault
Succeeded by	Jean Drapeau
Leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec
In office 1929–1932
Preceded by	Arthur Sauvé
Succeeded by	Charles Ernest Gault
MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie
In office 1923–1927
Preceded by	Joseph Gauthier
Succeeded by	Joseph Gauthier
In office 1928–1931
Preceded by	Joseph Gauthier
Succeeded by	Gaspard Fauteux
In office 1939–1944
Preceded by	Candide Rochefort
Succeeded by	Camille Côté
Member of Parliament for Papineau
In office 1949–1953
Preceded by	Riding created
Succeeded by	Adrien Meunier
Personal details
Born	(1889-08-13)August 13, 1889 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died	September 11, 1958(1958-09-11) (aged 69) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Resting place	Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
Political party	Conservative Party of Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Independent

Camillien Houde CBE OStJ (August 13, 1889 – September 11, 1958) was a Quebec politician, a Member of Parliament, and a four-time mayor of Montreal. He is of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government. During World War II, Houde was interned under the War Measures Act for campaigning against conscription.

Houde was born in Montreal on August 13, 1889 and died there on September 11, 1958. He was nicknamed "l'imprévisible"—the unpredictable. He was the only surviving child of Azade Houde and Josephine Frenette. He is descended from the first Houde ancestor, Louis Houde, who came from Manou, Eure-et-Loir, France to New France in 1647. Louis Houde's son was Louis H. who married Marie Lemay in 1685.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Conservative Party for the riding of Montréal–Sainte-Marie in the 1923 election. He was defeated in the 1927 election, but re-elected in a by-election on October 24, 1928. He was elected leader of the Conservative Party on July 10, 1929, led the party to defeat in the 1931 election, and failed to win a seat in Montréal–Saint-Jacques after vacating his previous seat. He resigned as Conservative leader on September 19, 1932.

When George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Montreal on the 1939 royal tour of Canada and were greeted by cheering crowds, Houde turned to the King and said: "You know, Your Majesty, some of this is for you."^[1]

He moved to federal politics and lost in a bid for election as a Conservative candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in a 1938 by-election in the Montreal riding of St. Mary. In 1940, he was arrested and charged under the Defence of Canada Regulations. He was imprisoned at Camp Petawawa in Ontario until the end of the war. He ran again in St. Mary, this time as an independent candidate, in the 1945 federal election, but was again defeated. He won a seat as an independent candidate in the riding of Papineau in the 1949 federal election by less than 100 votes. He did not run for re-election in the 1953 election.

Houde became a figure of ridicule in parts of English Canada because of his conduct in opposition to conscription. During the 1949 federal election, the Toronto Star, which openly supported the Liberal Party, attempted to link the unpopular Houde with George Drew, then leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada even though Houde was running as an independent candidate against an official Progressive Conservative candidate. The Star accused Drew of making a secret pact with Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis to appoint Houde to the Cabinet as Drew's Quebec lieutenant should the Tories win the election. The newspaper's campaign reached its culmination the Saturday before the election with a banner front-page headline reading:

KEEP CANADA BRITISH

DESTROY DREW'S HOUDE

GOD SAVE THE KING

(in later editions, the last line was changed to "VOTE ST. LAURENT").^[2]

Concurrent to his career in provincial and federal politics, Houde was mayor of Montreal from 1928 to 1932, from 1934 to 1936, from 1938 to 1940, and from 1944 to 1954.

During World War II, Houde campaigned against conscription. On August 2, 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government.^[3] Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial^[4] in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick for four years. Upon his release on August 18, 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers,^[5] and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election.

After the war, Houde signed a petition protesting Nazi collaborator Jacques de Bernonville's extradition to France.^[6]

Houde was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1935^[7] and an Officer of the Order of St John in 1953.^[8]

On his death in 1958,^[9] Camillien Houde was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, Quebec in an Italian marble replica of Napoleon's tomb.

Mayor Houde was a reform-minded mayor in the areas of patronage, unemployment, and organized crime. He was also responsible for some of the major public park improvements in Montreal including the park on Mont Royal with its man-made lake and park facilities. "Camilliennes" were public washrooms built by Houde during the Great Depression.^[10]

After his death, Mayor Jean Drapeau named a new road over Mount Royal after Houde, an act many considered ironic, as Houde and many others had long opposed building roads over the city's famous mountain.

Mayor Houde threw a party for the then-new fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous, which was described by Bill W in the book Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age as "probably the first official reception that any A.A. group ever had."^[11]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camillien Houde.

• Politics of Quebec
• List of Quebec general elections
• List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
• Timeline of Quebec history
• Conscription Crisis of 1944

• Tard, Louis-Martin (1999). Camillien Houde, Le Cyrano de Montréal. Montréal: XYZ Éditeur. p. 214. ISBN 978-2-89261-263-9.
• Marsolais, Claude-V.; Desrochers, Luc; Comeau, Robert (1993). Histoire des maires de Montréal. Montréal: VLB Éditeur. pp. 323. ISBN 978-2-89005-547-6.
• Grenon, Hector (1979). Camillien Houde. Montréal: Stanké. pp. 319. ISBN 2-7604-0007-7.
• Lévesque, Robert; Migner, Robert (1978). Camillien et les années vingt, suivi de Camillien au goulag. Montréal: Éditions des Brûlés. p. 183.
• La Rocque, Hertel (1961). Camillien Houde, le p'tit gars de Ste-Marie. Montréal: Éditions de l'Homme. p. 157.
• Rumilly, Robert (1958). "Tome XXX Camillien Houde". Histoire de la province de Québec. Montréal: Éditions Fides. p. 256.
• His Worship, Mr. Montréal (1976) at IMDb

• "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
• Camillien Houde – Parliament of Canada biography
• Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec: Fonds Camillien Houde (in French)
• Répertoire des fonds d'archives de parlementaires québécois - Camillien Houde (in French)
• City of Montreal - Camillien Houde
• Camillien Houde (1889-1958): Homme politique (in French)
• New Brunswick Internment Camp Museum - Internees Phase II (1941 - 1945)