Chusquea

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Chusquea
Chusquea quila
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Clade: BOP clade
Subfamily: Bambusoideae
Tribe: Bambuseae
Subtribe: Chusqueinae
Genus: Chusquea
Kunth
Type species
Chusquea scandens
Synonyms[1]
  • Rettbergia Raddi
  • Platonia Kunth, 1829, rejected homonym not Mart. 1832 (Clusiaceae) nor Raf. 1808 (Verbenaceae) nor Raf. 1810 (Cistaceae)[2]
  • Dendragrostis Nees
  • Neurolepis Meisn.
  • Coliquea Steud. ex Bibra
  • Planotia Munro
  • Swallenochloa McClure

Chusquea is a genus of evergreen bamboos in the grass family. Most of them are native to mountain habitats in Latin America, from Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina.

They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other grasses, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. Some animals are, to various extents, associated with stands of Chusquea, for example the Inca wren, monito del monte, and the plushcap.

Notable species

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Chusquea culeou, the Chilean feather bamboo or colihue cane, from southern Chile and adjacent western Argentina, is notable as the most frost-tolerant South American bamboo and the only one that has been grown successfully to any extent in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with successful growth as an ornamental plant north to Scotland. The colihue cane was used by the Mapuches Indians to make instruments and as lances during the War of Arauco.

Chusquea quila (in Spanish quila), in contrast to Colihue, has a spreading or vining growth. It prefers wet places and does not grow above 500 metres (1,600 ft), where C. culeou becomes more dominant. Chusquea quila can form pure stands called quilantales. Very few plants can grow under this species.

In Chile, Chusquea species have been historically harvested for seed by indigenous peoples, but the flowering and seeds of the species, is associated to mice vermin.[3]

Taxonomy

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The genus Chusquea now includes species formerly classified in Dendragrostis, Rettbergia, Swallenochloa, and Neurolepis. [4] The genus has been organized into three subgenera, subg. Rettbergia, subg. Swallenochloa and subg. Chusquea,[5] although molecular evidence only supports a monophyletic subg. Rettbergia.[6]

Species

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193 species are accepted:[7][1][8][9]

  1. Chusquea abietifolia – Caribbean
  2. Chusquea acuminata – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro state)
  3. Chusquea acuminatissima – Colombia and Venezuela
  4. Chusquea albilanata – Colombia and Ecuador
  5. Chusquea amistadensis – Costa Rica and Panama
  6. Chusquea andina – central and southern Chile
  7. Chusquea anelythra – eastern Brazil
  8. Chusquea anelythroides – southeastern Brazil
  9. Chusquea angusta – Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana
  10. Chusquea angustifolia – eastern Colombia to western Venezuela
  11. Chusquea annagardneriae – Ecuador
  12. Chusquea antioquensis – central Colombia
  13. Chusquea aperta – Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca)
  14. Chusquea arachniformis – north-central Colombia
  15. Chusquea argentina – south-central and southern Chile to southwestern Argentina
  16. Chusquea aristata – southwest Colombia to Peru
  17. Chusquea aspera – Peru
  18. Chusquea asymmetrica – Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
  19. Chusquea attenuata – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  20. Chusquea aurea – Venezuela
  21. Chusquea baculifera – southeastern Brazil
  22. Chusquea bahiana – eastern Brazil
  23. Chusquea bambusoides – eastern and southern Brazil
  24. Chusquea barbata – Peru
  25. Chusquea bilimekii – Mexico (Mexico and Veracruz states)
  26. Chusquea bradei – Brazil (Bahia and Espirito Santo states)
  27. Chusquea caparaoensis – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  28. Chusquea capitata – southeastern and southern Brazil
  29. Chusquea capituliflora – southeastern and southern Brazil
  30. Chusquea ciliata – central Chile
  31. Chusquea ciliatifolia – Brazil (southeastern Bahia and northeastern Minas Gerais states)
  32. Chusquea circinata – Mexico (Sinaloa to Chiapas states)
  33. Chusquea clarkiae – Colombia
  34. Chusquea clemirae – Brazil (Bahia state)
  35. Chusquea contrerasii – Mexico (Jalisco)
  36. Chusquea coronalis – Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica
  37. Chusquea cortesii – central and southern Mexico and Guatemala
  38. Chusquea costaricensis – Costa Rica
  39. Chusquea culeou – central and southern Chile, southwestern Argentina
  40. Chusquea cumingii – central Chile
  41. Chusquea cylindrica – Trinidad
  42. Chusquea decolorata – Peru
  43. Chusquea deficiens – central Bolivia to northwestern Argentina
  44. Chusquea deflexa – El Salvador and Honduras
  45. Chusquea delicatula – Peru and Bolivia
  46. Chusquea depauperata – Peru and Bolivia
  47. Chusquea diversiglumis – Venezuela and northern Brazil
  48. Chusquea dombeyana – Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
  49. Chusquea egluma – Argentina (Salta Province)
  50. Chusquea elata – southern Ecuador
  51. Chusquea enigmatica – Mexico (San Luis Potosí and Veracruz states)
  52. Chusquea erecta – Brazil (São Paulo state)
  53. Chusquea exasperata – Ecuador and Peru
  54. Chusquea falcata – Ecuador
  55. Chusquea fasciculata – Brazil (Minas Gerais)
  56. Chusquea fendleri – Venezuela
  57. Chusquea fernandeziana – Juan Fernandez Islands and central Chile
  58. Chusquea fimbriligulata – Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
  59. Chusquea floribunda – southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy and Salta provinces)
  60. Chusquea foliosa – Costa Rica and Panama
  61. Chusquea fruticosa – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  62. Chusquea galeottiana – Mexico (Guerrero and Oaxaca states)
  63. Chusquea gamarrae – Peru
  64. Chusquea gibcooperi – Mexico (Hidalgo, Veracruz, and Puebla states)
  65. Chusquea gigantea – Chile (La Araucania)
  66. Chusquea glauca – Mexico (Veracruz state)
  67. Chusquea glomerata – Colombia and Venezuela
  68. Chusquea gouveiensis – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  69. Chusquea gracilis – Brazil (Santa Catarina state)
  70. Chusquea grandiflora – Panama and Colombia
  71. Chusquea guirigayensis – northwestern Valencia
  72. Chusquea guzmanii – Mexico (Jalisco state)
  73. Chusquea hatschbachii – Brazil (Santa Catarina state)
  74. Chusquea heterophylla – southeastern Brazil
  75. Chusquea huantensis – Peru
  76. Chusquea ibiramae – southeastern Brazil
  77. Chusquea imbricata – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  78. Chusquea inamoena – Peru
  79. Chusquea intipaqariy – Peru
  80. Chusquea jorgemoranii – Ecuador
  81. Chusquea juergensii – southeastern and southern Brazil, Argentina (Misiones province)
  82. Chusquea kleinii – Brazil (Santa Catarina)
  83. Chusquea laegaardii – Ecuador and Bolivia
  84. Chusquea lanceolata – Mexico (Chiapas state) to Honduras
  85. Chusquea latifolia – Colombia
  86. Chusquea lehmannii – Colombia and Ecuador
  87. Chusquea leonardiorum – Ecuador
  88. Chusquea leptophylla – southeastern and southern Brazil
  89. Chusquea liebmannii – western Mexico to Costa Rica
  90. Chusquea ligulata – Colombia
  91. Chusquea limensis – Peru
  92. Chusquea linearis – Venezuela, Guyana, northern Brazil
  93. Chusquea londoniae – Colombia and Ecuador
  94. Chusquea longifolia – Mexico (Chiapas state) and Guatemala
  95. Chusquea longiligulata – Costa Rica
  96. Chusquea longipedicellata – Peru
  97. Chusquea longipendula – Bolivia (Cochabamba)
  98. Chusquea longiprophylla – Colombia
  99. Chusquea longispiculata – Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states)
  100. Chusquea lorentziana – Bolivia and northwestern Argentina
  101. Chusquea loxensis – Ecuador
  102. Chusquea maclurei – Ecuador
  103. Chusquea macrostachya – southern Chile
  104. Chusquea maculata – Colombia and Venezuela
  105. Chusquea magnifolia – Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and northern Brazil
  106. Chusquea matlatzinca – Mexico (Michoacán state)
  107. Chusquea mayrae – Costa Rica
  108. Chusquea meyeriana – southeastern and southern Brazil
  109. Chusquea microphylla – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states)
  110. Chusquea mimosa – southern Brazil
  111. Chusquea mirabilis – Brazil (Bahia state)
  112. Chusquea mollis – Colombia and Venezuela
  113. Chusquea montana – central and southern Chile to southwestern Argentina
  114. Chusquea montisylvicola – Ecuador (Loja)
  115. Chusquea mulleri – Mexico (Veracruz state)
  116. Chusquea multiramea – Venezuela
  117. Chusquea nana – Ecuador
  118. Chusquea nedjaquithii – Mexico (Oaxaca state)
  119. Chusquea nelsonii – Mexico (Michoacán and Guerrero states)
  120. Chusquea neurophylla – Ecuador and Peru
  121. Chusquea nobilis – Colombia and Ecuador
  122. Chusquea nudiramea – Brazil (Santa Catarina state)
  123. Chusquea nutans – Brazil (Bahia and Minas Gerais states)
  124. Chusquea oligophylla – southeastern and southern Brazil
  125. Chusquea ovatifolia – Bolivia
  126. Chusquea oxylepis – eastern and southern Brazil
  127. Chusquea pallida – northeastern Colombia to northern Venezuela
  128. Chusquea paludicola – Costa Rica
  129. Chusquea parodii – Bolivia
  130. Chusquea parviligulata – Brazil (Bahia state)
  131. Chusquea patens – Costa Rica and Panama
  132. Chusquea paucispiculata – Peru and Bolivia
  133. Chusquea perligulata – Ecuador
  134. Chusquea perotensis – Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca states)
  135. Chusquea peruviana – southern Peru to Bolivia
  136. Chusquea petiolata – Colombia
  137. Chusquea picta – Peru and Bolivia
  138. Chusquea pinifolia – southeastern Brazil
  139. Chusquea pittieri – Mexico (Chiapas state) to Panama
  140. Chusquea pohlii – Cosa Rica and Panama
  141. Chusquea polyclados – Peru
  142. Chusquea pulchella – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states)
  143. Chusquea purdieana – Colombia and Venezuela
  144. Chusquea quila – central and southern Chile
  145. Chusquea ramosissima – Bolivia, Paraguay, eastern and southern Brazil, northern Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina
  146. Chusquea renvoizei – Bolivia
  147. Chusquea repens – Mexico (Chiapas and Oaxaca states)
  148. Chusquea rigida – Ecuador
  149. Chusquea riosaltensis – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  150. Chusquea rugoloana – Peru
  151. Chusquea scabra – Costa Rica and Panama
  152. Chusquea scandens – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
  153. Chusquea sclerophylla – Brazil (Serra do Órgãos of Rio de Janeiro state)
  154. Chusquea sellowii – southeastern and southern Brazil
  155. Chusquea septentrionalis – Mexico (Durango state)
  156. Chusquea serpens – Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador
  157. Chusquea serrulata – Colombia and Ecuador
  158. Chusquea silverstonei – northwestern Colombia
  159. Chusquea simpliciflora – Mexico (Chiapas) to Ecuador and Venezuela
  160. Chusquea simplicissima – central Peru
  161. Chusquea smithii – Peru
  162. Chusquea sneidernii – Colombia
  163. Chusquea spadicea – Colombia
  164. Chusquea spathacea – Colombia
  165. Chusquea spectabilis – Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
  166. Chusquea spencei – Colombia and northern Venezuela
  167. Chusquea spicata – Bolivia and south-central and southeastern Peru
  168. Chusquea straminea – northern Peru
  169. Chusquea stuebelii – Colombia and Ecuador
  170. Chusquea subtessellata – Costa Rica and Panama
  171. Chusquea subtilis – Costa Rica
  172. Chusquea subulata – Colombia and Ecuador
  173. Chusquea sulcata – Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas), Guatemala, and Costa Rica
  174. Chusquea talamancensis – Costa Rica
  175. Chusquea tarmensis – Peru
  176. Chusquea tenella – southeastern and southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
  177. Chusquea tenuiglumis – southeastern Brazil
  178. Chusquea tessellata – Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
  179. Chusquea tomentosa – Costa Rica
  180. Chusquea tonduzii – Costa Rica
  181. Chusquea tovarii – Ecuador and northwestern Peru
  182. Chusquea tuberculosa – northeastern Colombia
  183. Chusquea uliginosa – south-central and southern Chile
  184. Chusquea uniflora – Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
  185. Chusquea urelytra – eastern and southern Brazil
  186. Chusquea valdiviensis – south-central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
  187. Chusquea villosa – Ecuador
  188. Chusquea virgata – Costa Rica and Panama
  189. Chusquea vulcanalis – Costa Rica and Panama
  190. Chusquea weberbaueri – northern Peru
  191. Chusquea wilkesii – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro state)
  192. Chusquea windischii – Brazil (Santa Catarina state)
  193. Chusquea yungasensis – Bolivia

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Tropicos search for Platonia
  3. ^ Pardo B., Oriana; Pizarro, José Luis (2014). Chile: Plantas alimentarias Prehispánicas (in Spanish) (2015 ed.). Arica, Chile: Ediciones Parina. pp. 150–152. ISBN 9789569120022.
  4. ^ Fisher, A. E., Triplett, J. K., Ho, C. S., Schiller, A. D., Oltrogge, K. A., Schroder, E. S., ... & Clark, L. G. (2009). Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Systematic Botany, 34(4), 673-683.
  5. ^ Clark, L. G. (1989). Systematics of Chusquea Section Swallenochloa, Section Verticillatae, Section Serpentes, and Section Longifoliae (Poaceae-Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-127.
  6. ^ Fisher, A. E., Clark, L. G., & Kelchner, S. A. (2014). Molecular Phylogeny Estimation of the Bamboo Genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and Description of Two New Subgenera. Systematic Botany, 39(3).
  7. ^ Chusquea Kunth. Plants of the World Online. Accessed 1 March 2023.
  8. ^ Clark, L. G. 2000. Chusquea. 39: 36–52. In E. J. Judziewicz, R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, T. S. Filgueiras & F. O. Zuloaga (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  9. ^ Morales, J. F. 2003. Poaceae. 93(3): 598–821. In B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora Villalobos (eds.) Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
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