Dendreon

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Dendreon Pharmaceuticals LLC
Company typePrivate
Nasdaq: DNDN
IndustryBiomedicine
FounderWilliam A. Haseltine
Edgar Engleman
Samuel Strober
Headquarters
Seal Beach, California
,
U.S.
ProductsProvenge
ServicesProvenge
Number of employees
650
ParentSanpower Group, Nanjing, CN
Websitedendreon.com

Dendreon Pharmaceuticals LLC is a biotechnology company. Its lead product, Provenge (known generically as sipuleucel-T), is an immunotherapy for prostate cancer. It consists of a mixture of the patient's own blood cells (autologous, with dendritic cells thought to be the most important) that have been incubated with the Dendreon PAP-GM-CSF fusion protein. Phase III clinical trial results demonstrating a survival benefit for prostate cancer patients receiving the drug were presented at the AUA meeting on April 28, 2009.[1] After going through the approval process, Provenge was given full approval by the FDA on April 29, 2010.[2] Dendreon's stock value fell 66% on August 4, 2011, after abandoning its forecast for its debut drug Provenge.[3]

In November 2014, Dendreon filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and shortly afterwards announced that it had reached agreements on the terms of a financial restructuring with certain bond holders.[4]

On February 20, 2015, Valeant Pharmaceuticals received approval to purchase all Dendreon assets. On January 9, 2017 Sanpower Group agrees to acquire Dendreon from Valeant for $819.9 million [5] In June 2017, Sanpower Group, a Chinese conglomerate, purchased Dendreon from Valeant for $820 million.[6]

Technology overview and pipeline

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Antigen delivery cassette and antigen presenting cells

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Dendreon's name derives from the "Dendritic Cell" which forms a major component of the company's product candidates that use the "Dendreon Cassette Technology" to insert a disease-specific target protein into a general platform. Their lead product, Provenge, is an example of their "rationally designed therapeutic process" intended to break immune tolerance to certain disease specific proteins. It is hypothesized that receptor mediated uptake of antigen by dendritic cells occurs when they are exposed to the Dendreon fusion protein which links the disease specific protein to a recognition protein. This approach is in contrast to other dendritic cell vaccines that use methods such as electroporation to get the DC's to present antigen related epitopes. In the case of Provenge, this disease related protein is prostatic acid phosphatase and the signalling component is GM-CSF.

Antigen selection

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Dendreon believes its process can be optimized and generalized to other diseases by exchanging the PAP component of Provenge with better targets specific to different diseased cells.[7] Antigen selection is a significant issue with cancer vaccines in general. Presumably, therapeutic effect can be obtained by provoking a selective response against the diseased cells only. Dendreon has explored approaches to obtaining tumour-specific antigen targets under the theory that the immune system may be able to mount a more effective response than is otherwise possible against tumor associated antigens. Unaltered human PAP is expressed by normal prostate cells but recent discoveries suggest that cancer cells produce many more unique targets as well as proteins that are more highly expressed than in normal tissue.[8] It has also been recently discovered that other enzymes expressed in nerves are identical to PAP[9][10] and there is ongoing work to examine post-translational modifications to PAP and its correlation to disease state by Dendreon collaborators.[11] PAP also appears to be expressed in breast cysts.[12]

Prior work in this area has also included that of A. Sette at Epimmune and the Altered Peptide Ligand approach typified by Neurocrine Biotech's failed MS drug.

Nuvelo and patents acquired from Corvas

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Dendreon acquired the nematode anticoagulant Nuvelo.[13] Selected Corvas patents include technologies for peptide analog synthesis and drugs that target coagulation and immune processes.

Early history

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Drs. Haseltine, Engleman, and Strober established the company, initially named Activated Cell Therapy, in Mountain View, California, after securing funding from Health Care Ventures in Edison, New Jersey. The company successfully brought to market the first approved cell-based immune therapy, Provenge, for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer[14] After several years the company changed its name to Dendreon and moved to Seattle, Washington, under Christopher Henney.

Provenge

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Main article: Provenge

Initial clinical results for Provenge in 2000 showed immune responses supporting the expected mode-of-action, as well as a PSA reduction which was thought to relate to clinical improvement.[15] In 2006, Dendreon built a manufacturing facility in Morris Plains, New Jersey to accommodate production for a Phase III trial and possible 2007 drug approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[16] In January 2007, the FDA accepted Dendreon's Biologic License Application (BLA) filing for Provenge.[17]

On March 29, 2007, the FDA Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee voted 17-0 that Provenge is reasonably safe and 13-4 that the trial data showed substantial evidence that it is effective.[18] However, on May 9, 2007, Dendreon received a letter from the FDA demanding more results and information before approval.[19]

On April 14, 2009, Dendreon announced that the results for the Phase III trial of Provenge were positive, saying there had been a reduction in the odds of death compared to the use of a placebo.[20] On April 28, 2009, the full details of the study were released. The trial found that patients treated with Provenge lived an average of 4.1 months longer than patients treated with the control (autologous cells without the GM-CSF / PAP fusion protein).[21]

On April 29, 2010, the FDA approved Provenge for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

On June 7, 2010, the head of Medicare's Coverage and Analysis Group, Dr. Louis Jacques, sent three colleagues an email telling them that they should be sure not to leak the fact that his Group was considering a cap on Medicare coverage of this treatment. News of that caution itself did inevitably leak, and the price of Dendreon's stock fell 10% later that day.

Dendreonites

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Some journalists have referred to Provenge supporters as "Dendreonites" and the name is in routine usage in colloquial forums.[22] Concerns for personal safety were raised among some doctors who were thought responsible for the delay of Provenge approval.[23] Dendreonites have questioned these doctors' objectivity; one of them, Dr. Howard Scher, was the lead clinical trial investigator for a rival prostate cancer drug from the biotech company Novacea.[22] Their concerns motivated organized protests at the FDA and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting by various patient and investor advocacy groups which also filed a lawsuit alleging that the FDA's decision was influenced by conflicts of interest.[24]

References

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  1. ^ "AUA IMPACT Trial Presentation Summary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  2. ^ "UPDATE 3-U.S. FDA OKs Dendreon's prostate cancer vaccine". Reuters. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  3. ^ Berkrot, Bill (4 August 2011). "Dendreon plunges as Provenge prospects wither". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
  4. ^ "Dendreon files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy" (Press release). Reuters. 10 November 2014.
  5. ^ "Valeant to sell Dendreon unit to China's Sanpower for $820 million". Reuters. 1 January 2017. Retrieved Mar 19, 2019.
  6. ^ "Sanpower Group Completes the Acquisition of Dendreon from Valeant". PR Newswire. 29 June 2017.
  7. ^ "BBC Global News." Interview by Julian King and Otis Brawley. GlobalNews (0400 GMT). BBC UK Podcast. London. 30 April 2010. Podcast.
  8. ^ Rickman DS, Pflueger D, Moss B, et al. (April 2009). "SLC45A3-ELK4 is a novel and frequent erythroblast transformation-specific fusion transcript in prostate cancer". Cancer Research. 69 (7): 2734–8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4926. PMC 4063441. PMID 19293179.
  9. ^ Zylka MJ, Sowa NA, Taylor-Blake B, et al. (October 2008). "Prostatic acid phosphatase is an ectonucleotidase and suppresses pain by generating adenosine". Neuron. 60 (1): 111–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.024. PMC 2629077. PMID 18940592.
  10. ^ Zimmermann H (March 2009). "Prostatic acid phosphatase, a neglected ectonucleotidase". Purinergic Signalling. 5 (3): 273–5. doi:10.1007/s11302-009-9157-z. PMC 2717315. PMID 19322680.
  11. ^ White KY, Rodemich L, Nyalwidhe JO, et al. (February 2009). "Glycomic Characterization of Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Prostate Cancer and Benign Disease Seminal Plasma Fluids". Journal of Proteome Research. 8 (2): 620–30. doi:10.1021/pr8007545. PMC 2651839. PMID 19128049.
  12. ^ Erbas H, Erten O, Irfanoglu ME (December 2007). "Prostatic acid phosphatase in breast cyst fluid". The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 29 (2): 95–9. PMID 19108401.
  13. ^ Mungall D (March 2004). "rNAPc2 from Corvas. Nuvelo". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 5 (3): 327–33. PMID 15083600.
  14. ^ "Activated Cell Therapy Announces New Executive Management Team" (Press release). Activated Cell Therapy. 30 August 1995. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  15. ^ Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM, et al. (1 December 2000). "Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18 (23): 3894–903. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.23.3894. PMID 11099318. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012.
  16. ^ Timmerman, Luke (9 August 2006). "Building factory a balancing act for Dendreon". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  17. ^ Feuerstein, Adam (16 March 2007). "Dendreon's Date with Destiny". TheStreet.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  18. ^ "US panel: Dendreon cancer therapy appears to work". Reuters. 29 March 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  19. ^ Herper, Matthew (9 May 2007). "Dendreon's Dilemma". Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
  20. ^ Pollack, Andrew (14 April 2009). "Promising Test for Dendreon's Prostate Cancer Drug". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  21. ^ "Dendreon Reports PROVENGE Regulatory and Commercialization Progress and Future Pipeline Plans at Analyst Event (NASDAQ:DNDN)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  22. ^ a b "CNBC Article on Dendreonite Requests". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
  23. ^ Stein, Rob. "FDA Delay In Cancer Therapy Is Attacked". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  24. ^ Roan, Shari (December 31, 2007). "Protest Descriptions". The Los Angeles Times.
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