Elixir (programming language)

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Elixir

Elixir
Paradigms	multi-paradigm: functional, concurrent, distributed, process-oriented
Designed by	José Valim
First appeared	2012; 12 years ago (2012)
Stable release	1.16.2[1]  / 10 March 2024; 37 days ago (10 March 2024)
Typing discipline	dynamic, strong, duck
Platform	Erlang
License	Apache License 2.0[2]
Filename extensions	.ex, .exs
Website	elixir-lang.org
Influenced by
Clojure, Erlang, Ruby
Influenced
Gleam, LFE

Elixir is a functional, concurrent, high-level general-purpose programming language that runs on the BEAM virtual machine, which is also used to implement the Erlang programming language.^[3] Elixir builds on top of Erlang and shares the same abstractions for building distributed, fault-tolerant applications. Elixir also provides tooling and an extensible design. The latter is supported by compile-time metaprogramming with macros and polymorphism via protocols.^[4]

The community organizes yearly events in the United States,^[5] Europe,^[6] and Japan,^[7] as well as minor local events and conferences.^[8][9]

History[edit]

José Valim created the Elixir programming language as a research and development project at Plataformatec. His goals were to enable higher extensibility and productivity in the Erlang VM while maintaining compatibility with Erlang's ecosystem.^[10][11]

Elixir is aimed at large-scale sites and apps. It uses features of Ruby, Erlang, and Clojure to develop a high-concurrency and low-latency language. It was designed to handle large data volumes. Elixir is also used in telecommunications, e-commerce, and finance.^[12]

On July 12, 2018, Honeypot released a mini-documentary on Elixir.^[13]

Versioning[edit]

Each of the minor versions supports a specific range of Erlang/OTP versions.^[14] The current stable release version is 1.16.2^[1] .

Features[edit]

• Compiles to bytecode for the BEAM virtual machine of Erlang.^[15] Full interoperability with Erlang code, without runtime impact.
• Scalability and fault-tolerance, thanks to Erlang's lightweight concurrency mechanisms^[15]
• Built-in tooling for managing dependencies, code compilation, running tests, formatting code, remote debugging and more.
• An interactive REPL inside running programs, including Phoenix web servers, with code reloading and access to internal state
• Everything is an expression^[15]
• Pattern matching^[15] to promote assertive code^[16]
• Type hints for static analysis tools
• Immutable data, with an emphasis, like other functional languages, on recursion and higher-order functions instead of side-effect-based looping
• Shared nothing concurrent programming via message passing (actor model)^[17]
• Lazy and async collections with streams
• Railway oriented programming via the with construct^[18]
• Hygienic metaprogramming by direct access to the abstract syntax tree (AST).^[15] Libraries often implement small domain-specific languages, such as for databases or testing.
• Code execution at compile time. The Elixir compiler also runs on the BEAM, so modules that are being compiled can immediately run code which has already been compiled.
• Polymorphism via a mechanism called protocols. Dynamic dispatch, as in Clojure, however, without multiple dispatch because Elixir protocols dispatch on a single type.
• Support for documentation via Python-like docstrings in the Markdown formatting language^[15]
• Unicode support and UTF-8 strings

Examples[edit]

The following examples can be run in an iex shell or saved in a file and run from the command line by typing elixir <filename>.

Classic Hello world example:

iex> IO.puts("Hello World!") Hello World! 

Pipe operator:

iex> "Elixir" |> String.graphemes() |> Enum.frequencies() %{"E" => 1, "i" => 2, "l" => 1, "r" => 1, "x" => 1}  iex> %{values: 1..5} |> Map.get(:values) |> Enum.map(& &1 * 2) [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]  iex> |> Enum.sum() 30 

Pattern matching (a.k.a. destructuring):

iex> %{left: x} = %{left: 5, right: 8} iex> x 5  iex> {:ok, [_ | rest]} = {:ok, [1, 2, 3]} iex> rest [2, 3] 

Pattern matching with multiple clauses:

iex> case File.read("path/to/file") do iex>   {:ok, contents} -> IO.puts("found file: #{contents}") iex>   {:error, reason} -> IO.puts("missing file: #{reason}") iex> end 

List comprehension:

iex> for n <- 1..5, rem(n, 2) == 1, do: n*n [1, 9, 25] 

Asynchronously reading files with streams:

1..5 |> Task.async_stream(&File.read!("#{&1}.txt")) |> Stream.filter(fn {:ok, contents} -> String.trim(contents) != "" end) |> Enum.join("\n") 

Multiple function bodies with guards:

def fib(n) when n in [0, 1], do: n def fib(n), do: fib(n-2) + fib(n-1) 

Relational databases with the Ecto library:

schema "weather" do   field :city     # Defaults to type :string   field :temp_lo, :integer   field :temp_hi, :integer   field :prcp,    :float, default: 0.0 end  Weather |> where(city: "Kraków") |> order_by(:temp_lo) |> limit(10) |> Repo.all 

Sequentially spawning a thousand processes:

for num <- 1..1000, do: spawn fn -> IO.puts("#{num * 2}") end 

Asynchronously performing a task:

task = Task.async fn -> perform_complex_action() end other_time_consuming_action() Task.await task 

^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• Concurrent computing
• Distributed computing
• Parallel computing

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Simon St. Laurent; J. Eisenberg (December 22, 2016). Introducing Elixir: Getting Started in Functional Programming 2nd Edition. O'Reilly Media. ASIN B01N9KCTIC. ISBN 978-1491956779.
• Sasa Juric (January 12, 2019). Elixir in Action 2nd Edition. Manning Publications. ASIN B0978KZTJG. ISBN 978-1617295027.