Empress Xiaoduanwen
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| Empress Xiaoduanwen | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empress of Qing | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Empress of the Qing dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | August 1636 – 21 September 1643 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaoliewu (in Later Jin) | ||||||||
| Successor | Deposed Empress Jing | ||||||||
| Empress dowager of the Qing dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | 21 September 1643 – 28 May 1649 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaoliewu (in Later Jin) | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang | ||||||||
| Born | Borjigit Jerjer (博爾濟吉特·哲哲; ᠵᡝᡵᠵᡝᡵ) 31 May 1599 (萬曆二十七年 閏四月 八日) | ||||||||
| Died | 28 May 1649 (aged 49) (順治六年 四月 十八日) Forbidden City | ||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||
| Issue | Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank Princess Jingduan of the First Rank Princess Yong'an of the First Rank | ||||||||
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| House | Borjigit (博爾濟吉特) | ||||||||
| Father | Manggusi | ||||||||
| Mother | Gunbu | ||||||||
| Empress Xiaoduanwen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 孝端文皇后 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孝端文皇后 | ||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡧᡠ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ | ||||||
| Romanization | hiyoošungga doronggo genggiyen šu hūwangheo | ||||||
Jerjer (哲哲; translated as "lady"/"beauty"; 31 May 1599 – 28 May 1649), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the consort of Hong Taiji. She was seven years his junior. Jerjer was empress consort of Qing from 1636 until her husband's death in 1643, after which she was known as Empress dowager. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaoduanwen.
Life
[edit]Family background
[edit]- Father: Manggusi (莽古思), held the title of a first rank prince (親王)
- Paternal grandfather: Namusai (納穆賽), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
- Mother: Gunbu (袞布)
- One elder brother and one younger brother
- Two younger sisters
Wanli era
[edit]Jerjer was born on the eighth day of the intercalary fourth lunar month in the 27th year of the reign of the Wanli Emperor, which translates to 31 May 1599 in the Gregorian calendar.
On 28 May 1614, Jerjer married Hong Taiji and became one of his multiple wives.
Tianming era
[edit]In 1623, Hong Taiji divorced his second primary consort, and elevated Jerjer to the position.
Lady Borjigit's niece, Bumbutai, the future Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, would marry Hong Taiji in March or April 1625.
Jerjer gave birth in 1625 to Hong Taiji's second daughter, Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank, on 2 August 1628 to his third daughter, Princess Jingduan of the First Rank, and on 7 October 1634 to his eighth daughter, Princess Yong'an of the First Rank.
Another niece, Harjol, the future primary consort Minhui, would marry Hong Taiji on 6 December 1634.
Chongde era
[edit]When Hong Taiji conferred titles on his five primary spouses in August 1636, he instated Jerjer as his empress.
Shunzhi era
[edit]Following Hong Taiji's death on 21 September 1643, Jerjer was honoured as "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" by the Shunzhi Emperor, Hong Taiji's ninth son and successor. The emperor's birth mother, Bumbutai, was similarly honoured as "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager".
Jerjer died on 28 May 1649 and was interred in the Zhao Mausoleum. She was posthumously honoured with the title "Empress Xiaoduanwen".
Titles
[edit]- During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
- Lady Borjigit (from 31 May 1599)
- Secondary consort (側福晉; from 28 May 1614[1])
- During the reign of Nurhaci (r. 1616–1626):
- Primary consort (大福晉; from 1623)
- During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
- Empress (皇后; from August 1636[2])
- During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
- Empress Dowager (皇太后; from 21 September 1643[3])
- Empress Xiaoduanwen (孝端文皇后; from 1649)
Issue
[edit]- As primary consort:
- Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主; 10 September 1625 – April/May 1663), personal name Makata (馬喀塔), Hong Taiji's second daughter
- Married Ejei (d. 1641) of the Chahar Borjigit clan on 16 February 1636
- Married Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigit clan in 1645
- Princess Jingduan of the First Rank (固倫靖端公主; 2 August 1628 – June/July 1686), Hong Taiji's third daughter
- Married Kitad (奇塔特; d. 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1639
- Princess Yong'an of the First Rank (固倫永安公主; 7 October 1634 – February/March 1692), Hong Taiji's eighth daughter
- Married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in 1645
- Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主; 10 September 1625 – April/May 1663), personal name Makata (馬喀塔), Hong Taiji's second daughter
In fiction and popular culture
[edit]- Portrayed by Mang Lai-ping in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
- Portrayed by Wu Qianqian in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
- Potrayed by Jiang Lin Jing in The Legend of Xiaozhuang (2015)
- Portrayed by Wang Yanhui in Rule the World (2017)
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
- Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Vol. 214.