European folklore

European folklore or Western folklore refers to the folklore of the Western world, especially when discussed comparatively. The history of Christendom during the Early Modern period has resulted in a number of traditions that are shared in many European ethnic and regional cultures.

This concerns notably common traditions based on Christian mythology, i.e. certain commonalities in celebrating Christmas, such as the various Christmas gift-bringers, or customs associated with All Souls' Day.

In addition, there are certain apotropaic gestures or practices found in large parts of the Western world, such as the knocking on wood or the fingers crossed gesture.

Many tropes of European folklore can be identified as stemming from the Proto-Indo-European peoples of the Neolithic and Bronze Age, although they may originate from even earlier traditions. Examples of this include the 'Chaoskampf' myth-archetype as well as possibly the belief in knocking on wood for good luck.^[1] The culture of Classical Antiquity, including mythology, Hellenistic religion and magical or cultic practice was very influential on the formative stage of Christianity, and can be found as a substrate in the traditions of all territories formerly colonized by Greeks and the Roman Empire, and by extension in those territories reached by Christianization during the Middle Ages. This includes all of Europe, and much of the Middle East and North Africa. These traditions inherited from folk beliefs in the Roman era were syncretized with local traditions, notably Germanic, Celtic and Slavic. Many folk traditions also originated by contact with the Islamic world, especially in the Balkans and in the Iberian Peninsula, which were ruled by Islamic empires before being re-conquered (in the case of the Balkans, partially) by Christian forces. The result of such cultural contact is visible e.g. in the tradition of the Morris Dance in England, an adaptation of the "moorish" dances of the late medieval period.

The result were the related, but regionally distinct, folk traditions as they existed in European society on the eve of the Early Modern period. In modern times, and especially since the 19th century, there has been much cross-pollination between these traditions, often by the detour of American folklore.

• British Folklore
• English folklore
  • Anglo-Saxon paganism
• Estonian folklore
• Finnish folklore
• Lithuanian folklore
• Scandinavian folklore
• Celtic mythology
  • Matter of Britain
  • Irish folklore
  • Manx folklore
  • Hebridean mythology and folklore
  • Scottish folklore
  • Welsh folklore
• Dutch folklore

• Alpine folklore
• Spanish folklore
• French folklore
• German folklore
• Modern/Ancient Greek folklore
• Portuguese folklore
• Italian folklore
• Swiss folklore
• Folk Catholicism

• Albanian folklore
• Hungarian folklore
• Romanian folklore
• Slavic folklore
  • Polish culture
  • Czech folklore
  • Russian folklore
  • Ukrainian folklore
  • Serbian folklore
  • Montenegrin folklore
  • Bulgarian folklore

• Western Folklore
• American folklore
• Australian folklore
• Brazilian folklore
• Ethnic groups of Europe
• Folk Catholicism
• Crypto-paganism
• European culture
• European mythology
• Sailors' superstitions

• Leach, Maria (ed.), Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and LegendNew York: Funk & Wagnalls Co, 1949.
• Newhall, Venetia J., European Folklore: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8153-1451-6.
• Ziavras, Mary, "Greek Folk Stories, Old and New:, ComteQ Publishing, 2012, ISBN 978-0-615-40612-1.

• Media related to European folklore at Wikimedia Commons
• "folklore europaea", Festivals-Customs-Traditions in Europe (at Freiburg University)