FR-4
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FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing).
"FR" stands for "flame retardant", and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed to UL 94, Vertical Flame testing in Section 8 at a compliant lab. The designation FR-4 was created by NEMA in 1968.
FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength. The material is known to retain its high mechanical values and electrical insulating qualities in both dry and humid conditions. These attributes, along with good fabrication characteristics, lend utility to this grade for a wide variety of electrical and mechanical applications.
Grade designations for glass epoxy laminates are: G-10, G-11, FR-4, FR-5 and FR-6. Of these, FR-4 is the grade most widely in use today. G-10, the predecessor to FR-4, lacks FR-4's self-extinguishing flammability characteristics. Hence, FR-4 has since[when?] replaced G-10 in most applications.
FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some applications where thermal destruction of the material is a desirable trait[citation needed] will still use G-10 non flame resistant.
Properties
[edit]Which materials fall into the "FR-4" category is defined in the NEMA LI 1-1998 standard. Typical physical and electrical properties of FR-4 are as follows. The abbreviations LW (lengthwise, warp yarn direction) and CW (crosswise, fill yarn direction) refer to the conventional perpendicular fiber orientations in the XY plane of the board (in-plane). In terms of Cartesian coordinates, lengthwise is along the x-axis, crosswise is along the y-axis, and the z-axis is referred to as the through-plane direction. The values shown below are an example of a certain manufacturer's material. Another manufacturer's material will usually have slightly different values. Checking the actual values, for any particular material, from the manufacturer's datasheet, can be very important, for example in high frequency applications.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Specific gravity/density | 1.850 g/cm3 (0.0668 lb/cu in) |
| Water absorption | −0.125 in < 0.10% |
| Temperature index | 140 °C (284 °F) |
| Thermal conductivity, through-plane | 0.29 W/(m·K),[1] 0.343 W/(m·K)[2] |
| Thermal conductivity, in-plane | 0.81 W/(m·K),[1] 1.059 W/(m·K)[2] |
| Rockwell hardness | 110 M scale |
| Bond strength | > 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) |
| Flexural strength (A; 0.125 in) – LW | > 415 MPa (60,200 psi) |
| Flexural strength (A; 0.125 in) – CW | > 345 MPa (50,000 psi) |
| Dielectric breakdown (A) | > 50 kV |
| Dielectric breakdown (D48/50) | > 50 kV |
| Dielectric strength | 20 MV/m |
| Relative permittivity (A) | 4.4 |
| Relative permittivity (D24/23) | 4.4 |
| Dissipation factor (A) | 0.017 |
| Dissipation factor (D24/23) | 0.018 |
| Dielectric Constant (εr) | 3.9 – 4.7,[3] 4.4 @ 1 GHz (Supplier Isola) [4] |
| Loss Tangent (tanδ) | 0.02 – 0.03,[3] 0.030 @ 1 GHz[5][4] |
| Glass transition temperature | Can vary, but is over 120 °C |
| Young's modulus – LW | 3.5×106 psi (24 GPa) |
| Young's modulus – CW | 3.0×106 psi (21 GPa) |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion – x-axis | 1.4×10−5 K−1 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion – y-axis | 1.2×10−5 K−1 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion – z-axis | 7.0×10−5 K−1 |
| Poisson's ratio – LW | 0.136 |
| Poisson's ratio – CW | 0.118 |
| LW sound speed | 3602 m/s |
| CW sound speed | 3369 m/s |
| LW acoustic impedance | 6.64 MRayl |
where:
- LW
- Lengthwise
- CW
- Crosswise
- PF
- Perpendicular to laminate face
Applications
[edit]FR-4 is a common material for printed circuit boards (PCBs). A thin layer of copper foil is typically laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 glass epoxy panel. These are commonly referred to as copper clad laminates. The copper thickness or copper weight can vary and so is specified separately.
FR-4 is also used in the construction of relays, switches, standoffs, busbars, washers, arc shields, transformers and screw terminal strips.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Azar, Kaveh; Graebner, John E. (1996). "Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of printed wiring boards". Twelfth Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium. Proceedings. pp. 169–182. doi:10.1109/STHERM.1996.545107. ISBN 0-7803-3139-7. S2CID 110285100.
- ^ a b Sarvar, F.; Poole, N. J.; Witting, P. A. (1990). "PCB glass-fibre laminates: Thermal conductivity measurements and their effect on simulation". Journal of Electronic Materials. 19 (12): 1345–1350. Bibcode:1990JEMat..19.1345S. doi:10.1007/bf02662823. S2CID 95273262.
- ^ a b "Using Pre-Emphasis and Equalization with Stratix GX" (PDF). ALTERA Datasheet. Altera Corporation: 3. 2003.
- ^ a b "HF Transmission" (PDF). Atmel Corporation: 7. 2003.
- ^ "PCB Layout Guidelines for Designing with Avago SFP+Transceivers" (PDF). Avago Technologies: 2. 2005.
Further reading
[edit]- Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 2012-02-01 [2011, 1998]. NEMA LI 1-1998 (R2011).