List of Islamophobic incidents

The following is a list of incidents characterized as inspired by Islamophobia by commentators. Islamophobia became a popular term in ideological debate following the September 11 attacks, the 9/11 attack is a big reason for islamophobia and it has also been retrospectively applied to earlier incidents. Islamophobia is the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the Islamic religion or Muslims generally,^[1]^[2]^[3] especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Incidents and conditions

Australia

Below is a list of 11 incidents in Australia that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
2014	Protests	No known injuries	Bendigo	Bendigo mosque protests	Locals, True Blue Crew, Q Society, United Patriots Front
5 April 2015	Rallies and violent confrontations	Numerous/Unknown number	Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Adelaide Newcastle Canberra Hobart	Anti-Islam Rallies have been held across Australia since 2015. Reclaim Australia primarily opposes Islam in Australia and is considered Islamophobic.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] The group has attracted neo-Nazis and the involvement of neo-Nazis in promoting and attending Reclaim Australia rallies has been well documented.^[9]^[10] Speakers at Reclaim Australia rallies have been known to express extremist views, with one speaker in South Australia warning of the risks of "Islamic barbarity" and encouraging those in attendance to "insult and vilify Islam five times a day if you want to"^[8]	Reclaim Australia
13 June 2015	vilification (mock public beheading and pig roasting aimed at offending Muslims)	0	Perth	The United Patriots Front, a far-right Australian nationalist group associated with neo-Nazi hate groups,^[11]^[12] protested Zaky Mallah's appearance on Q&A, a television programme, by roasting a pig outside the Melbourne office of the ABC in an apparent attempt to upset Muslims.^[13]^[14] In October the same year, the group beheaded a dummy outside the Bendigo City Council chambers to protest the 2015 Parramatta shooting and the construction of a mosque in Bendigo.^[15]	United Patriots Front
16 December 2016	Melee attack	1	Perth	A Perth man was found guilty of assaulting a Muslim woman after a confrontation at a shopping centre in which he wished her a merry Christmas, called her a "fucking Muslim" and threw a beer bottle at her.^[16]^[17]	Adam David Peters
19 March 2017	Stabbing	1	Melbourne	Rev. Tomy Kalathoor Mathew, a priest, was stabbed in the neck moments before he was about to say mass at a church because the perpetrator thought he was "Hindu" or "Muslim"^[18]	Unknown
9 February 2017	Verbal abuse	0	Melbourne	Islamophobia was documented at the Thursday 9 February Q Society fundraising dinner, with guest speaker Larry Pickering stating that "If they (Muslims) are in the same street as me, I start shaking."^[19] and that "They are not all bad, they do chuck pillow-biters off buildings.",^[19]^[20] adding that he "can't stand Muslims".^[19] The cartoonist also auctioned a work depicting a man having sex with a niqab-clad person, who apparently is his wife's grandmother, mistaking her for his niqab-clad wife. Another Larry Pickering cartoon auctioned at the fundraiser depicted an Imam as a pig (in Islam the consumption of all pork products is considered haram or forbidden), being spit roasted, with a "halal certified" stamp on its rump. A case of wine called "72 Virgins" was also up for grabs, along with a signed photograph of Dame Joan Sutherland.^[19] Kirralie Smith has denied supporting Pickerings statements, however Smith has reiterated parts of the speech stating that "there are Muslims that actually do throw gays off buildings!"^[21] In February 2017, Cory Bernardi and George Christensen attracted criticism for speaking at the Q Society of Australia. The event received protests who called the event racist.^[22]	Q Society of Australia
11 May 2017	Melee attack	4	Sydney	Four Muslim women were assaulted in Sydney in an attack described by New South Wales police as "bias-motivated."^[23]	Unknown
26 May 2017	Discrimination	0	Perth	Muslim schoolgirls were told to leave a careers expo at the Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre after attendants stated their "Muslim attire" was threatening.^[24]	Unknown
16 March 2019	Vehicular attack	0	Brisbane	A man rammed his car into the gates of a Queensland mosque while shouting offensive words to worshippers inside, a day after the Christchurch mosque shootings.^[25]	Unnamed man
11 September 2019	Vandalism	0	Brisbane	The name of the Christchurch shooter and phrase from a Serbian anti-Muslim song were sprayed onto the outer wall of a Brisbane mosque.^[26]	Unknown
20 November 2019	Melee attack	1	Sydney	A pregnant Muslim woman wearing a hijab was punched and stomped on by a man yelling "anti-Islamic hate speech at the victim and her friends".^[27]	Stipe Lozina

Austria

Below is a list of 2 incidents in Austria that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
2007	Vandalism	0	0	Telfs	It was reported the Telfs mosque was vandalized and swastika symbols were left on its single minaret.^[28]^[29]	Right-wing extremists
5 February 2008	Vandalism	0	0	Graz	Close to sixty tombstones of Muslims were desecrated. The police suspected the perpetrators were right-wing extremists.^[30]	Right-wing extremists (suspected)

Belgium

Below is a list of 3 incidents in Belgium that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
7 May 2002	Home invasion, murder, arson	2	2	Brussels	Attacker broke into a family home shooting both parents during their morning prayers and setting the residential building on fire. Their 18-year-old daughter escaped with her two younger brothers, both of whom were seriously injured.	Hendrik Vylt^[31]
7 February 2008	Melee attack	0	2	Liège	Two young women of Maghreb origin were attacked in the city center after being verbally assaulted with ethnic slurs. One of the perpetrators had right-wing extremist affiliations.^[32]	Three unnamed men
2 July 2018	Melee attack	0	1	Anderlues	Two men assaulted a Muslim girl wearing a headscarf. The victim was beaten and slashed on her upper body in the attack.^[33]	Two unnamed men

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the 1990s, the Bosnian Genocide and the Kosovo War, both of which involved the mass murder of innocent Muslims, have been linked to Islamophobia.^[34] In Bosnia, Christian Serb and Croat militias carried out genocidal attacks on the Muslim Bosniak community. According to the ICRC data on the Bosnian Genocide, "20,000 people were killed, 12,000 of them children, up to 50,000 women were raped, and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes."^[35] Many attacks on religious buildings and symbols took place in towns such as Foča, where all of the town's mosques were destroyed. On 22 April 1992, Serbs blew up the Aladža Mosque and eight more mosques dating from the 16th and 17th centuries were damaged or completely destroyed.^[36]

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
	Genocide	25,609–33,071	Unknown	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Further information: Bosnian Genocide	Serb forces
7 April 1992 to January 1994	Ethnic cleansing	2,707	Unknown	Foča	Further information: Foča massacres	Serb forces
25 May – 21 August 1992	Attacks	700	Unknown	Omarska	Further information: Omarska camp	Serb forces
22 April 1992	Bombing	0	0	Foča and other places	Serb forces blew up the Aladža Mosque. Eight more mosques, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, were also damaged or completely destroyed.^[36]	Serb forces
11 July 1995 – 31 July 1995	Ethnic cleansing	8,372	Unknown	Srebrenica	Further information: Srebrenica massacre	Army of Republika Srpska

Brazil

Below is a list of 5 incidents in Brazil that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
3 August 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Rio de Janeiro	A Muslim food-cart owner named Mohamed Ali Abdelmoatty Kenawy was attacked while working by someone who shouted "Get out of my country!"^[37]	Unnamed men

Bulgaria

Below is a list of 2 incidents in Bulgaria that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
Early April 2008	Vandalism	0	0	Sofia	Anti-Muslim graffiti was smeared on the walls of the building of the Chief Mufti's Office. Hussein Hafyzov, the Chief Secretary of the Chief Mufti's Office in Bulgaria, stated that your buildings—administrative ones and mosques in all twelve regional Mufti's Offices—have been desecrated over fifty times in the last ten years." Vandalism of mosques and religious buildings in Bulgaria rarely results in arrests or prosecution. Hafyzov reported that vandals were caught in only two or three occasions, and "the very few perpetrators who were caught were not convicted."^[30]	Unknown
10 April 2010	Arson	0	0	Karlovo	A mosque was burned down. Members of the Muslim community in Karlovo and the Chief Mufti's office in Bulgaria believe the incident was a hate crime.^[38]	Unknown

Canada

In recent years, attacks against Muslims increased, mainly in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Until 2016 the attacks were all arson incidents, vandalism and melee attacks. However, since 2017 incidents started to be deadly and carried out with terrorist tactics, resulting in 11 deaths, of whom six in 2017, one in 2020 and four in 2021.^[39]

Below is a list of 17 incidents in Canada that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
16 March 2006	Melee attack	0	1	Toronto, Ontario	A female student in headscarf was assaulted at Hart House in the University of Toronto in what the Canadian Council on American-Islamic Relations called "an Islamophobic incident".^[40]	Unknown
22 November 2011	Melee attack	0	1	Mississauga, Ontario	A Muslim woman was with her children when she was attacked at a mall by someone who yelled "Leave our country. Go back to your country." Authorities stated that it was a hate crime,^[41] and was deemed Islamophobic by the Ontario Human Rights Commission.^[42]	Unnamed man
17 September 2013	Melee attack	0	1	St. Catharines, Ontario	A 17-year-old Muslim girl was punched in the nose, that left her bleeding and her headscarf was pulled off.^[43]	Three unnamed women
19 November 2013	Melee attack	0	1	Montreal, Quebec	A Muslim woman was beaten, called "dirty immigrant," and was told "go back to your country," despite the fact that she was born in Canada.^[44]	Two unnamed men
December 2013	Melee attack	0	1	Montreal, Quebec	A woman wearing a hijab was physically assaulted. The perpetrator stated that "her hijab and herself do not belong in Quebec."^[45]	Unnamed woman
31 December 2013	Bomb threat	0	0	Vancouver, British Columbia	A bomb threat was made against a Vancouver mosque and the building was evacuated by the RCMP.^[45]^[46]	Unknown
20 May 2014	Attempted arson	0	0	Montreal, Quebec	A man tried to throw a Molotov cocktail through the window of a mosque in, but was stopped by the police. The police had been watching the mosque because it had already been the target of multiple attacks.^[47]^[48]	Unnamed man
26 September 2014	Melee attack	0	6	Kingston, Ontario	Six Muslim students at Queen's University were attacked by four men, one of whom wielded a baseball bat and who yelled various racial epithet. One of the students suffered minor physical injuries. The police arrested two men in connection to the attack and charged them with assault.^[48]^[49]	Four unnamed men
26 November 2014	Bomb threat	0	0	Montreal, Quebec	A bomb threat was made against a Montreal mosque and the police found a suspicious package. 12 buildings in the area were evacuated until the police neutralized the package.^[50]	Unknown
4 October 2015	Melee attack	0	1	Montreal, Quebec	A pregnant woman wearing the hijab was attacked by teenagers, when they tried to pull off her hearscarf, causing her to fall.^[51]	Two teenagers
14 November 2015	Arson	0	0	Peterborough, Ontario	A day after the Paris attacks, the only mosque in Peterborough was set on fire.^[52] Police deemed the arson a hate crime.^[53]	Unknown
29 May 2016	Melee attack	0	1	London, Ontario	An Iranian student at the University of Western Ontario suffered a concussion after being beaten and called an "Arab," despite the fact that he's Iranian. Authorities stated it was a hate crime,^[54] and the mayor of London said that "Islamophobia had no place in Canada".^[55]	Two unnamed men
24 October 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Hamilton, Ontario	A Muslim teenager was beaten in a "race related" attack.^[56]	Two unnamed men
27 November 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Sept-Îles, Quebec	The mosque of Sept-Îles was vandalized. The mosque had previously been vandalized in 2014. Police suspect it was a hate crime.^[57]	Unknown
29 January 2017	Shooting	6	19	Quebec City, Quebec	Quebec City mosque shooting: A mass shooting occurred at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Premier Philippe Couillard called the shooting a terrorist attack,^[58]^[59] but the perpetrator was not charged with terrorism.^[60] The incident was classified as a hate crime^[61] and an Islamophobic attack.^[62]	Alexandre Bissonnette
12 September 2020	Stabbing	1	0	Toronto, Ontario	58-year-old mosque caretaker Mohamed-Aslim Zafis was stabbed to death while sitting outside an Etobicoke mosque, while controlling the number of people who entered to comply with public COVID-19 health regulations. The attacker, 34-year-old Guilherme Von Neutegem, was a neo-Nazi sympathizer and connected to a number of far-right groups.^[63]	Guilherme Von Neutegem
6 June 2021	Vehicular attack	4	1	London, Ontario	London, Ontario truck attack: 20-year-old Nathaniel Veltman drove his pickup truck onto a sidewalk in London, Ontario, hitting a family of five. Four of them (a 46-year-old man, his 44-year-old wife, their 15-year-old daughter and his 74-year-old mother) died; the sole survivor was their 9-year-old son, who was taken to hospital.^[64]^[65] He was arrested in a parking lot seven kilometers away. The victims were all from the same Pakistani family, who had immigrated about fourteen years prior.^[66]	Nathaniel Veltman

Chad

Below is a list of 1 incidents in Chad that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
February 1979	Attacks	100–1,000+	Unknown	Chad	Towards the end of the Chadian Civil War, hundreds or thousands of people were killed in anti-Muslim riots in the southern Chad.^[67]	Chadian mobs

China

Below is a list of 4 incidents in China that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
February 2003	Attacks	0	100+	Qinghai	Tibetans rioted against Hui people, destroying Hui-owned shops and restaurants. Hundreds of people were injured.^[68]	Tibetan mobs
10–24 March 2008	Attacks	18	383	Tibet	2008 Tibetan unrest: The main Mosque in Lhasa was burned down by Tibetans, and Hui Muslims were violently assaulted by Tibetan rioters.^[69]	Tibetan mobs
8 October 2012	Attacks	0	12+	Mulang	A mob of about 200 Tibetan monks beat a dozen Dungans (Hui Muslims) in Luqu County, Gansu, in retaliation for the Chinese Muslim community's application to build a mosque in the county.^[70]	Tibetan monks
2014–present	Arbitrary mass detentions Other human rights abuses	Unknown	1,000,000+ Detained	Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region	Since 2014, the government of the People's Republic of China has committed a series of human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic groups living in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China^[71]^[72] that are often characterized as genocide.	Government of China

Central African Republic

Below is a list of 6 incidents in the Central African Republic that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Location	Details	Perpetrator
18 January 2014	Shooting	100+	Bossemptele	Bossemptélé massacre	Anti-balaka
24 June 2014	Shooting	17	Bambari	Gunmen killed 17 Muslim Fula people at a camp in the ongoing Central African Republic Civil War. Some of the bodies were mutilated and burnt by the assailants.^[73]	Anti-balaka
13–15 2017	Shooting	115	Bangassou	May 2017 Bangassou clashes	Anti-balaka
11 October 2017	Shooting	25	Kembe	Rebels killed at least 25 Muslims inside a mosque in the town of Kembe in south-central Central African Republic.^[74]	Anti-balaka
6–7 December 2021	Beheading	15+	Boyo, Ouaka	2021 Boyo killings	Anti-balaka
11 December 2021	Beheading	10+	Goya, Ouaka	2021 Boyo killings	Anti-balaka

Denmark

Below is a list of 7 incidents in Denmark that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
2 June 2008	Melee attack	1	Copenhagen	Kasem Said Ahmed, the former spokesperson of the Islamisk Trossamfund, was punched in the face after being asked if he was an imam.^[75]	Unknown
16 August 2015	Arson	0	Copenhagen	A man torched a Copenhagen mosque, causing superficial damage. The fire was denounced by Islamisk Trossamfund as "an act of terror".^[76]	Unnamed man
2 September 2015	Vandalism	0	Odense	A Muslim cemetery was vandalised. About 60 tombstones were damaged in the attack.^[77]	Unknown
2 April 2019	Melee attack	1	Copenhagen	A girl was assaulted and had her headscarf pulled off by a man who yelled xenophobic slurs at her.^[78]	Unknown
29 April 2019	Quran burning	0	Copenhagen	Rasmus Paludan has burned copies of the Quran on several occasions.^[79]^[80]	Rasmus Paludan (Stram Kurs)
10 September 2019	Vehicular attack	0	Copenhagen	A man deliberately drove a bus into a crowd of Muslims during an Ashura parade. No one was injured in the attack and the man was arrested and later charged with violence.^[81]	Unnamed man
23 January 2020	Vandalism	0	Copenhagen	An unknown person has vandalized a mosque in Denmark, he/she wrote on the walls "Muslims, Islam = Cancer"^[82]	Unknown

France

In 2010 France banned face coverings including women wearing the niqāb. The French Collective against Islamophobia reported "an explosion" in the number of physical attacks on women wearing the niqab. Kenza Drider, a protester against the law, said: "I'm insulted about three to four times a day. Most say, 'Go home'; some say, 'We'll kill you.' One said: 'We'll do to you what we did to the Jews.'... I feel that I now know what Jewish women went through before the Nazi roundups in France. When they went out in the street they were identified, singled out, they were vilified. Now that's happening to us."^[83] After the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, there were reports of attacks on mosques and Muslim citizens throughout the country.^[84]

Below is a list of 20 incidents in France that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
4 October 1972 – 19 December 1988	Bombing	1	16	Various cities	Anti-Muslim bombings in Paris, Cannes and Nice: A series of three bombings killed one and injured 16 others in the French cities of Paris, Cannes, and Nice by neo-Nazi attackers.^[85]^[86]^[87]	Parti nationaliste français et européen
14 December 1973	Bombing	4	20	Marseille	Four people killed when terrorists detonated a bomb at the Algerian consulate office in Marseille.^[88]	Charles Martel Group
21 February 1995	Shooting	1	0	Marseille	Murder of Ibrahim Ali: Ibrahim Ali, a seventeen-year-old French-boy of Comorian origin, was shot by three far-right extremists.^[89]	Robert Lagier and Mario d'Ambrosio, Front National supporters
1 May 1995	Forced drowning	1	0	Paris	Murder of Brahim Bouarram: Brahim Bouarram, a Moroccan immigrant, drowned after being pushed into the Seine river by three far-right extremists.^[89]	Three unnamed men
21 February 2005	Vandalism	0	0	Paris	Vandals scrawled swastikas and other Nazi references on the walls of the Grand mosque in south-east Paris. Dalil Boubakeur, the director of the mosque described the vandalism as Islamophobic.^[90]	Unknown
6 April 2008	Vandalism	0	0	Arras	148 Muslim graves were desecrated at the Notre Dame de Lorette, France's largest WWI cemetery. President Nicolas Sarkozy condemned the attack as a "hateful act" and the "most inadmissible kind of racism"^[91]	Unknown
20 April 2008	Arson	0	1	Toulouse	The Al-Salam Mosque was destroyed after it was set alight. Police suspect it was a hate crime.^[30]	Eight unnamed men
24 July 2008	Melee attack	0	1	Yvelines	Nouredine Rachedi, a 30-year-old French-born statistician, was beaten after being asked if he was Muslim.^[32]	Two unnamed men
13 December 2009	Vandalism	0	0	Castres	The Mosque of Castres in southern France, was vandalized in the night.^[92] Swastika in black paint, "Sieg Heil" in German, "France to the French" in French, and "White Power" in English were scrawled on the mosque.^[93] Additionally, a pig's feet was hung on the mosque.^[94]	Unknown
23 September 2010	Vandalism	0	0	Strasbourg	More than 30 tombstones were knocked down or broken, and swastikas were drawn on the gravel paths at a Muslim cemetery. The local mayor denounced the vandalism as an "unbearable racist act."^[38]	Unknown
14 October 2010	Melee attack	0	1	Paris	A 26-year-old Emirati woman wearing a niqab was attacked by someone who later said, "I find it unacceptable that someone should be wearing a niqab in this country of human rights."^[95]	Unnamed woman
14 January 2015	Stabbing	1	1	Le Beaucet	Mohamed El Makouli was stabbed to death at home by a 28-year-old neighbour shouting "I am your God, I am your Islam." His wife, Nadia, suffered hand injuries while she tried to save him.^[96]	Thomas Gambet
18 November 2015	Melee attack	0	1	Marseille	A man attacked a Muslim woman wearing a headscarf with a box cutter after calling her a terrorist.^[97]	Unknown
24–28 December 2015	Riots	0	0	Ajaccio	2015 Corsican protests: A Muslim prayer hall was burned down and Qur'ans were set alight following marches by Corsican nationalists.^[98]	Corsican nationalists
29 June 2017	Vehicular attack	0	0	Paris	A man attempted to drive his vehicle through a crowd gathered outside a mosque. He claimed that he wanted to "take revenge for the Bataclan and Champs-Elysees attacks" after being arrested.^[99]	Unnamed man
23 June 2018	Failed plot involving firearms and improvised grenades and explosives	0	0	Île-de-France and Island of Corsica	10 people from a far-right group including a retired police officer are arrested for suspicion of involvement in a terrorist plot. Several weapons were seized including home-made bombs and explosives.^[100]	Unnamed far-right group
28 October 2019	Shooting	0	2	Bayonne	Bayonne mosque shooting: An 84-year-old former candidate for Front National attacked a mosque and seriously injured two people by gunfire.^[101]	Claude Sinké
21 October 2020	Two women stabbed in Paris	0	2	Paris	Two Algerian women were stabbed repeatedly under the Eiffel Tower amid rising tensions in Paris after the beheading of teacher Samuel Paty the week before.The reason of the attack is not yet totally clear.^[102]	Unknown
11 April 2021	Vandalism	0	0	Rennes	Islamophobic, pro-Catholic, pro-Crusader graffitis were found defaced on a wall in a local mosque two days before the start of Ramadan.^[103]^[104]	Unknown
13 April 2022	Melee Attack	0	0	Montpellier	A video was circulated on the internet which showed an unnamed man in Montpellier attacking two young women. One of the women was wearing a hijab, which he tried to pull off as he hit them and pulled the other woman's hair. The police opened an investigation.^[105]	Unnamed man

Germany

Below is a list of 17 incidents in Germany that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
23 November 1992	Arson	3	9	Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein	Muslim Turks Bahide Arslan and her two granddaughters Yeliz Arslan and Ayse Yılmaz died after firebombs were thrown into their home by neo-Nazis in Mölln. Nine others were injured in the attack, which sparked fears among the Turkish immigrant community.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]	neo-Nazis
28 May 1993	Arson	5	14	Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia	Solingen arson attack of 1993: The Solingen arson attack of 1993 was one of the most severe instances of xenophobic violence in modern Germany. On the night of 28 to 29 May 1993, four young German men (ages 16–23) belonging to the far right skinhead scene, with neo-Nazi ties, set fire to the house of a large Turkish family in Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Three girls and two women died; fourteen other family members, including several children, were injured, some of them severely. The attack led to violent protests by Turks in several German cities and to large demonstrations of Germans expressing solidarity with the Turkish victims.^[110]	Four neo-Nazis
9 September 2000 – 25 April 2007	Shooting	10	1	Various cities	Bosphorus serial murders: A neo-Nazi group committed several murders of ethnic Turks and Kurds. The police discovered a hit list of 88 people that included "two prominent members of the Bundestag and representatives of Turkish and Islamic groups".^[111]	Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund
9 June 2004	Bombing	0	22	Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia	2004 Cologne bombing: 22 people were wounded when a pipe bomb detonated in a business area popular with Turkish immigrants in Cologne. A barber shop was completely destroyed and many other shops and numerous parked cars were seriously damaged by the explosion.^[112]^[113]	Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund
10 December 2007	Arson	0	0	Lauingen, Bavaria	A mosque was set on fire after someone threw an incendiary device at it.^[30]	Unknown
11 December 2007	Arson	0	0	Lindau, Bavaria	A mosque was defaced with neo-Nazi graffiti and swastikas.^[30]	Unknown
1 July 2009	Stabbing	1	1	Dresden, Saxony	Murder of Marwa El-Sherbini: Marwa El-Sherbini was stabbed to death in a courtroom in Dresden, Germany. She had just given evidence against her attacker who had used insults against her because she wore an Islamic headscarf. El-Sherbini was called "Islamist", "terrorist" and (according to one report) "slut".^{[note 1]} Her husband Elwy Ali Okaz was seriously injured during the incident, he received at least 16 stab wounds to the head, neck, upper body and arm.^[115]	Alex Wiens
January 2010 – 2011	Arson	0	0	Berlin	Three different mosques were set on fire by the same man.^[38]	Unnamed man
10 May 2016	Stabbing	1	3	Grafing, Bavaria	A 28-year-old man killed a 56-year-old man and injured three others. While investigators initially thought the crime had Islamist motivation, they late found no evidence of an Islamic background. Instead, authorities state the perpetrator was haunted by delusions of a world overrun by Islam.^[116]^[117]	Paul H.
22 July 2016	Shooting	9 (+1)	36	Munich, Bavaria	2016 Munich shooting: An 18-year-old opens fire at a McDonalds and shopping mall frequented by migrant teens, killing 9 and wounds another 36 (though only 4 by direct gunfire) before committing suicide. While the attack was originally reported as a bullying related incident, Bavarian police in 2019 would state that the shooting was motivated by far right extremism and xenophobia.^[118]^[119]	David Sonboly
27 September 2016	Bombing	0	0	Dresden, Saxony	Bomb attacks hit a mosque and a convention centre in the eastern German city of Dresden. Police said that the motive appeared to be xenophobia and nationalism.^[120]^[121]	Nino K.
17 July 2018	Shooting	0	0	Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg	A man fired six shots at a female employee wearing a headscarf in a Turkish-owned bakery. The owner of the bakery suspected that the attack was racially motivated.^[122]	Unnamed man
31 December 2018 – 1 January 2019	Vehicular attack	0	10	Bottrop and Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia	Bottrop and Essen car attack: A car was intentionally driven into crowds of people in the cities of Bottrop and Essen in Germany, injuring ten^[123] people.^[124]^[125]^[126] Upon his arrest, Andreas reportedly expressed xenophobic and racist motives.^[127] The attacker is reported to have schizophrenia.^[128]	Andreas N.
31 May 2019	Stabbing	0	1	Bremen	A 27-year-old man stabbed a 16-year-old Muslim boy in the neck after making anti-Muslim comments towards him and his friend.^[129]	Unnamed man
8 June 2019	Arson	0	0	Kamen, North Rhine-Westphalia	The outer wall of the Eyüp Sultan Mosque in Kamen, North Rhine-Westphalia, was defaced with Islamophobic graffiti.^[130]	Unknown
9 June 2019	Vandalism	0	0	Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia	Several vandals threw rocks at the Kassel Central Mosque and damaged the mosque.^[130]	Unknown vandals
19 February 2020	Shooting	10 (+1)	5	Hesse	Hanau shootings: 9 people were killed and 5 others wounded in a terrorist shooting spree by a far-right extremist targeting two shisha bars in Hanau. After the attacks, the gunman returned to his apartment, where he killed his mother and then committed suicide.^[131]^[132]^[133]	Tobias Rathjen

Greece

Below is a list of 2 incidents in Greece that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
8 October 2010	Vandalism	0	0	Komotini	A Muslim cemetery was desecrated with about ten gravestones smashed, spurring a spontaneous demonstration by around 30 members of the Turkish minority living in the city. A government spokesperson had quickly condemned the act, attributing the vandalism to a marginal hate group.^[38]	Unknown
3 September 2015	Melee attack	0	Several	Kos	A group of people brandishing bats physically attack Muslim refugees on Kos, while shouting "go back to your countries" and other slurs. They also threatened activists.^[134]	15–25 unnamed people

Iraq

Below is a list of 1 incidents in Iraq that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
7 April 2007	Melee attack	1	0	Bashiqa	Murder of Du'a Khalil Aswad: 17-year-old Du'a Khalil Aswad, an Iraqi Kurdish girl of the Yazidi faith, was stoned to death in front of a mob of about 2,000 men in 2007, because she had a Muslim boyfriend and was planning to convert to Islam.^[135]^[136]	Eight or nine unnamed men

Israel and Palestine

Below is a list of 8 incidents in Israel and Palestine that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
25 February 1994	Shooting	29 (+1)	125	Hebron, Palestine	Cave of the Patriarchs massacre: A gunman opened fire on a large number of Palestinian Muslims who had gathered to pray inside the Cave of the Patriarchs compound in Hebron. The perpetrator was subsequently overpowered and beaten to death by survivors of the massacre.^[137]	Baruch Goldstein
3 May 2010	Arson	0	0	Nablus, Palestine	A mosque in the West Bank was destroyed in an arson attack. In previous months, other mosques had been attacked; some were vandalised with Hebrew graffiti and other mosques have been destroyed or damaged by arson in the past.^[138]	Israeli settlers (suspected)
10 June 2010	Vandalism	0	0	Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel	In northern Israel the walls of mosques were spray painted with the Star of David as well as messages such as "There will be war over Judea and Samaria" and "This structure is marked for demolition."^[139]	Four Kfar Hasidim yeshiva students
16–17 August 2012	Melee attack	0	3	West Jerusalem, Israel	Zion Square assault: Four Palestinian teenagers were beaten by dozens of Israeli teenagers, who chanted "Death to Arabs."^[140]	10–15 Israeli teenagers
2 July 2014	Kidnapping, Melee attack	1	0	Shuafat, East Jerusalem	Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir: 16-year-old Mohammed Abu Khdeir was kidnapped near a mosque, and later found murdered in Givat Shaul.^[141]	Yosef Ben David and 2 other teenage settlers
31 July 2015	Arson	3	1	Duma, Palestine	Duma arson attack: Members of the Dawabsheh family were killed when their house was firebombed by masked attackers.^[142]	Amiram Ben-Uliel and 3 other Israeli settlers
13 June 2017	Stabbing	1	0	Ramla, Israel	Henriette Karra, an Israeli Arab Christian, was killed by her father after he found out she was in a relationship with a Muslim. Her father said this relationship violated the "family's honor."^[143]	Sami Karra
10 March 2024	Vandalism	0	0	Bab al-Rahma Cemetery, East Jerusalem	Illegal settlers destroyed tombstones in the Bab al-Rahma Cemetery, adjacent to Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.^[144]	illegal settlers

Indonesia

Under the reign of President Suharto during the New Order (Indonesia), Islamists were suppressed, and religious Muslims were actively persecuted by the Indonesian government. Several Christian Generals who served under Suharto like Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani actively persecuted religious Muslims in the Indonesian military, which was described as being "anti-Islamic", denying religious Muslims promotions, and preventing them from praying in the barracks and banning them from even using the Islamic greeting "Salaam Aleikum", and these anti-Islamic policies were entirely supported by Suharto, despite Suharto being a Muslim himself, since he considered political Islam a threat to his power.^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148] The Christian General Theo Syafei, who also served under Suharto, spoke out against political Islam coming to power in Indonesia, and insulted the Qur'an and Islam in remarks which were described as Islamophobic.^[149]^[150]^[151]^[152]^[153]^[154]

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
28 May 2000	Mass shooting	367	Unknown	Poso regency, Central Sulawesi	Walisongo school massacre	Christian militant groups

Italy

Below is a list of 1 incidents in Italy that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Location	Details	Perpetrator
25 July – 24 October 2007	Arson	Abbiategrasso	The Alif Baa Islamic Centre was firebombed on three different accounts: once in July, once in August, and once in October.^[30]	Unknown
5 August 2007	Arson	Segrate	A mosque was attacked and an imam's car was destroyed.^[30]	Unknown
June 2008	Bombing	Milan	Two handmade bombs were thrown at the Islamic Center, destroying the main gate. Another similar attack took place two weeks later.^[30]	Unknown

India

Religious clashes have been intermittent in modern India, which saw its own birth being marred by the religious riots that took place during the Direct Action Day and during its partition. Since then, India has seen violent incidents involving both the majority Hindu population and the minority Muslim population in a series of communal riots, one of which was the Bhagalpur riots of 1989, which has led to the death of 900–1,000 Muslims and leaving 50,000 displaced.^[155] Recently, India has also seen tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the 2002 Gujarat violence; In response to the Godhra train burning, the nationalist party Vishva Hindu Parishad had organized protests that had immediately turned violent.^[156] After days of rioting and violence, it was estimated that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed, 2,500 injured and 223 missing.^[157] Below is a list of incidents in India that have been considered to be Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
February – March 2002	Riots	790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)	2,500+	Gujarat	The 2002 Gujarat riots was a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the western Indian state of Gujarat. The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims karsevaks returning from Ayodhya, is cited as having instigated the violence	Hindu mobs
8 September 2006	Bombing	37	125+	Malegaon	2006 Malegaon bombings: A series of bombs were detonated in a Muslim cemetery. The attack took place on the holy day of Shab-e-Baraat and most of the victims were Muslim pilgrims.^[158]	Abhinav Bharat(no evidence found)
11 October 2007	Bombing	3	17	Ajmer	Ajmer Dargah bombing: Bomb exploded at the Dargah of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti.^[159]^[160]	JEM( A Muslim Jihadist terrorist group)
27 August – 17 September 2013	Attacks	62	93	Muzaffarnagar district	2013 Muzaffarnagar riots: Clashes between the Hindu and Muslim communities led to deaths and injuries of many people.^[161]^[162]^[163]^[164]	Various
1–3 May 2014	Shooting	33 (+3)	2+	Assam	May 2014 Assam violence : Suspected NDFB militants kills 33 Bengali Muslim villagers in Assam. The motive of the attack is speculated to be revenge for not voting for Bodos in the Lok Sabha elections.^[165]	National Democratic Front of Bodoland (suspected)
28 September 2015	Melee attack	1	1	Dadri	2015 Dadri mob lynching: Mohammad Akhlaq, a Muslim resident, was beaten to death by a mob of villagers after a neighbor accused him of stealing and slaughtering a missing cow calf. His 22-year-old son Danish was seriously injured during the incident.^[166]^[167]^[168]^[169]	Hindu nationalists
26 March 2017	Melee attack	2	10	Patan district	2017 Patan riots: Started as fight between two people of different communities and later turned into Hindu-Muslim riot in the Vadavali village in Gujarat's Patan district.^[170]	Hindu-Muslim riot
5 April 2017	Melee attack	1	6	Alwar	2017 Alwar mob lynching: A mob of about 200 cow protection vigilantes assaulted a group of Muslims transporting cattle in northern India. Eleven men transporting the cattle were arrested and accused of smuggling the animals. None of the assailants in the cow protection group were arrested, but a criminal case has been opened.^[171]	200 cow protection vigilantes
7 April 2017	Melee attack	1	0	Gumla	Mohammad Shalik, a 20-year-old Muslim man, was tied to a tree and whipped to death for being in love with a Hindu woman.^[172]	Three unnamed men
24 June 2017	Melee attack	1	3	Haryana	A man named Ramesh was arrested in India for being part of a mob that attacked a group of four Muslim teenagers on a train has said on TV that he was goaded into it by others because Muslims ate beef. One of the boys, 16-year-old Junaid Khan, was killed in the assault.^[173]	20 unnamed men
12 July 2017	Melee attack	0	10	Farrukhabad	A Muslim family of 10 including women, children, elders and a handicapped teenager were assaulted in a train and robbed by a gang who yelled "Kill them, they are Muslims."^[174]	30–35 unnamed men
27 September 2017	Melee attack	1	0	Pokaran	Near the India-Pakistan border, a Hindu priest named Ramesh Suthar accused folk singer Ahmad Khan of making mistakes while reciting hymns to evoke a Hindu goddess. Suthar and his friends proceeded to break Khan's musical instruments and kill him. A month later, at least 200 Muslims have fled their village in the western Indian state of Rajasthan fearing communal clashes.^[175]	Ramesh Suthar and several unnamed men
23–29 February 2020	Riots	53 (including non-Muslim victims)	200 (including non-Muslim victims)	Delhi	The 2020 Delhi riots, which left 53( including non-muslims) dead and more than 200(including non-muslims) seriously injured,^[176] were triggered by protests against a citizenship law seen by critics as anti-Muslim.^[177]^[178]^[179]^[180]^[181]^[182] The riots have been referred to by some as a pogrom.^[183]	Hindu mob

Mali

Below is a list of 1 incidents in Mali that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
23 March 2019	Attacks	160+	55+	Mopti Region	Ogossagou massacre: Two villages were attacked and at least 160 Muslim Fulani herdsmen were killed, because of the allegations that the villagers were involved in supporting Islamic terrorism. The violence came in the aftermath of the Malian government cracking down on Islamic terror cells in the country.	Dogon millta

Myanmar

Below is a list of 11 incidents in Myanmar that could be considered Islamophobic

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
9 October 2016–present	Genocide	35,000+	116,000+ and 700,000+ displaced	Rakhine, Myanmar	Rohingya genocide: The persecution against the Rohingya Muslims and non-Muslims has been declared as ethnic cleansing and genocide by various UN agencies, ICC officials, human rights groups, and governments.^[184]^[185]^[186]^[187]	Burmese government
26 May 1930	Attacks	120–200+	900–2,000	Rangoon, British Burma	1930 Rangoon riots: Several anti-Indian and anti-Muslim riots exploded in Rangoon and various Burmese cities and ports following a massive Indian labors' strike which began at Rangoon's harbor.^[188]	Bamar people
26 July 1938	Attacks	204	1,000	Rangoon, British Burma	Multiple anti-Muslim riots again broke out in Burma. The agitation against Muslims and the British was led by Burmese newspapers.^[188]^[189]^[190]	Bamar people
16 March 1997	Attacks	3	Unknown	Mandalay, Union of Myanmar	1997 Mandalay riots: A mob of 1,000–1,500 Buddhist monks targeted the mosques, Muslim shop-houses, and transportation vehicles for attack. Damaging, destroying, looting, and trampling, burning religious books, committing acts of sacrilege were also common.^[191]	Bhikkhu
May 2001 – May 2002	Attacks	88	Unknown	Taungoo, Union of Myanmar	Anti-Muslim riots broke out in Taungoo, Pegu division, resulting in the deaths of about 200 Muslims, in the destruction of 11 mosques and the setting ablaze of over 400 houses. On 15 May, the first day of the anti-Muslim uprisings, about 20 Muslims who were praying in the Han Tha mosque were killed and some were beaten to death by the pro-junta forces. The mosques in Taungoo remained closed as of May 2002. Muslims have been forced to worship in their homes. Local Muslim leaders complain that they are still harassed. After the violence, many local Muslims moved away from Taungoo to nearby towns and to as far away as Yangon. After two days of violence the military stepped in and the violence immediately ended.^[191]	Bhikkhu
8 June 2012	Attacks	200+	Unknown (100,000 displaced)	Rakhine	2012 Rakhine State riots: Many Muslims and Rakhine have been killed in sectarian violence in the state.^[192]^[193]^[194]	Bhikkhu
20 March – 2 October 2013	Attacks	50	80+	Various cities	2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots: A series of violent acts and riots took place throughout the country targeting Muslims.^[195]	Bhikkhu
2 July 2014	Attacks	2	12+	Mandalay	A vengeful mob of 300 people started throwing stones and bricks at a tea stall. The mob went on to attack Muslim shops and vehicles and shouting slogans in Muslim residential areas.^[196] Two men – one Buddhist and one Muslim – were killed. A curfew was imposed on 3 July.^[197]^[198]	Unnamed mob
23 June 2016	Arson	0	0	Bago	A mob demolished a mosque in Bago Region, about 60 km northeast of the capital Yangon.^[199]	Unnamed mob
2 July 2016	Arson	0	0	Hpakant	A mob burned down a mosque in northern Myanmar.^[199]	Unnamed mob
4 July 2017	Attacks	1	6	Sittwe	A mob of at least 100 buddhists attacked 7 Rohingya men from Dapaing camp, killing one and injuring six others.^[200] An unarmed junior policeman was with the Muslim men at the time of the attack, but was unable to protect them from the mob and ran away back to the police station.^[201]	Unnamed mob

Netherlands

Below is a list of 5 incidents in the Netherlands that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Location	Details	Perpetrator
March – August 2010	Vandalism, attempted arson	Groningen	A mosque was vandalized in March. In August, arson was attempted on the same mosque and offensive graffiti was sprayed on the walls.^[38]	Unknown
27 February 2016	Arson	Enschede, Overijssel	Five men threw two Molotov cocktails at a mosque. Some 30 people, including children, were inside the mosque at the time, but no one was injured. Dutch courts called it a "terrorist act."^[202]^[203]^[204]	Five unnamed men
28 December 2016	Arson	Culemborg, Utrecht	A building linked to the Association of Islamic Communities was set on fire. Police suspected it was a hate crime.^[205]	Unknown
2 September 2017	Vandalism	Venlo, Limburg	A far-right group hanged anti-Islam banners on an under-construction mosque in Venlo.	Unknown
13 January 2024	Protest	Arnhem, Gelderland	The leader of a far right group attempted to burn the Quran but stopped by Muslim protestors.^[206]^[207]	Pegida members

New Zealand

Below is a list of 1 incident in New Zealand that is Islamophobic:


Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
15 March 2019	Shooting	51	40	Christchurch	Christchurch mosque shootings: Brenton Harrsion Tarrant a self-proclaimed "Ethno-nationalist, eco-fascist" from Grafton, New South Wales, Australia committed two consecutive terrorist attacks at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand killing 51 people and injuring 50 more. Brenton Harrison Tarrant self-published a manifesto titled The Great Replacement named after the French far-right theory of the same name in which he cited belief of a supposed "white genocide", anti-Islamic and anti-immigration sentiments, the death of Ebba Akerlund in the Stockholm truck attack in Sweden, the 2017 presidential election in France and the US/NATO intervention in Kosovo during the Yugoslav Wars as motivations for committing the Christchurch mosque shootings as well as etching onto his guns various historical battles and figures related to Muslims and Christians, labeling all Muslims and non-whites as "invaders", quoting Pope Urban II's First Crusade speech and livestreamed 17 minutes of the shootings/terrorist attacks on Facebook. Brenton Harrison Tarrant cited Islamophobic extremist Anders Behring Breivik as an inspiration and claimed to have briefly met him as well as his organization the Knights' Templar.	Brenton Harrison Tarrant

Norway

Below is a list of 5 incidents in Norway that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
1985	Bombing	0	1	Oslo	Ahmadiyya Muslim Nor mosque at Frogner in Oslo was blasted with dynamite. A 38-year-old woman received smoke damage. The bomb was detonated by an activist from the Norwegian Front, which resulted in several other people from the party being arrested by the police.^[208]	Norwegian Front
22 July 2011	Car bombing, shooting	77	319	Utøya Oslo	2011 Norway attacks: A man named Anders Behring Breivik committed two attacks in Norway. The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway, at 15:25:22 (CEST).^[209] The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve of them seriously.^[210]^[211]^[212] The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organized by the AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification,^[213]^[214] took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 68 of them outright,^[215]^[216] and injuring at least 110 people, 55 of them seriously;^[211]^[212] the 69th victim died in a hospital two days after the massacre.^[217] Analysts described him as having Islamophobic views and a hatred of Islam,^[218]^[219] and as someone who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.^[220]^[221] In a manifesto, he describes opposition to what he saw as the Islamisation of Europe as his motive for carrying out the attacks.^[222]	Anders Behring Breivik
February 2015	Melee attack	0	2	Oslo	Three men were charged with racist-motivated violence against two Norwegian Kurds in downtown Oslo. The perpetrators allegedly yelled "Fucking Muslims, you don’t have anything to do here" and "Go back, fucking terrorists" while kicking and punching the victims in their heads and bodies. Two of the perpetrators had ties to neo-Nazi groups in Norway.^[223]	Three unnamed men
May 2016	Attempted arson	0	0	Oslo	A woman was caught on camera trying to set fire to a mosque in Oslo, having been allowed into the building by asking to use its lavatory.^[224]	Unnamed woman
10 August 2019	Shooting	1 (prior to the attack)	1 (+1)	Bærum	Bærum mosque shooting:^[225] 21-year-old lone gunman Philip Manshaus opened fire on a mosque in Bærum, Norway, a suburb 20 kilometers outside of Oslo. He injured one person and was then subdued by two worshippers. At the time of the shooting there were three congregants in the mosque before the gunman opened fire on the Al Noor Islamic center of Bærum. Before the incident he killed his adopted stepsister at their home and posted on 4chan ten minutes prior to the failed attack, praising the Christchurch shooter, the Poway synagogue shooter and the El Paso shooter.^[226] In June 2020 the two worshippers who prevented the attack, Muhammad Rafiq and Mohammad Iqbal, were awarded the Medal for Heroic Deeds.^[227] Manshaus was sentenced to 21 years in prison a few days earlier.^[228]	Philip Manshaus

Philippines

Below is a list of 5 incidents in the Philippines that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
March 1970 – January 1972	Shooting, stabbings, arson	300+	Unknown	Mindanao	The Ilaga committed 22 massacres resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Muslim civilians. The group is guilty of "mutilat[ing] bodies of victims" and "marking bodies with a cross." The group also burned down and looted many houses and properties.^[229]	Ilaga
19 June 1971	Shooting	70–79	17	Carmen	Manili massacre: Moro Muslims were massacred inside a mosque in Manili. The Muslim residents of the town had gathered in their mosque to participate in a supposed peace talk with Christian groups when a group of armed men dressed in uniforms similar to those worn by members of the Philippine Constabulary opened fire on them.^[230]	Ilaga
24 October 1971	Shooting	40–66	0	Magsaysay	Tacub massacre: Maranao Muslims were summarily executed at a military checkpoint in Tacub.^[231]	Philippine Army
24 September 1974	Shooting	1,000–1,500	Unknown	Palimbang	Malisbong massacre: The Malisbong massacre was the mass murder of Muslim Moros on 24 September 1974 in the coastal village of Malisbong in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, Mindanao where units of the Philippine Army killed more than 1,000.^[232]^[233] Accounts compiled by the Moro Women's Center in General Santos state that 1,500 male Moros aged 11–70 were killed inside a mosque, 3000 women and children aged 9–60 were detained – with the women being raped, and that 300 houses were razed by the government forces.^[232] The massacre occurred two years after Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in September 1972.	Philippine Army
3 November 2008	Shooting	5	0	Lanao del Norte	Muslim civilians were killed in an ambush by the Ilaga.^[234]	Ilaga

Poland

Below is a list of 2 incidents in the Poland that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
January 2017	Riots	0	0	Ełk	The anti-Muslim Ełk riots occurred on 1 January 2017 in the town of Ełk, Poland, after a 21-year-old Pole was murdered by the establishment's cook, a Tunisian national.^[235]^[236]^[237]^[238]^[239] Several hundred men surrounded the Prince Kebab restaurant, chanting racist, anti-immigrant and Islamophobic slogans,^[236]^[239] and tossing firecrackers, stones, and Molotov cocktails at the shop. Other attacks on Kebab restaurants took place throughout Poland.^[238]
November 2017	Vandalism	0	0	Warsaw	In November 2017, amidst a rise in xenophobic incidents, two hooded men smashed a dozen windows in the Muslim cultural centre in Warsaw.^[240]^[241]	Two unknown men

Romania

Below is a list of incidents in the Romania that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
1 October 2017	Protest	0	0	Cluj Napoca	A group of five members of the far-right ultranationalist party Noua Dreaptă disrupted the opening season performance of "The Armed Man-A Mass For Peace" by Karl Jenkins, that took place at the Romanian National Opera, singing the Romanian National Anthem and shouting "no mosque should be built on Romanian lands" or "Prayers in Arabic language used by Muslim terrorists shan't be used in a cultural institution". The protest took place during "The Call to Prayers (Adhaan)".^[242]	Five members of the Noua Dreaptă party

Russia

Due to activity of the Muslim Chechens in organised crime and terrorism many Russians (including authorities) have associated Islam and Muslims with terrorism and domestic crimes.^[243]^[244]^[245]^[246]

Below is a list of 6 incidents in Russia that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
21 August 2006	Bombing	13	47	Moscow	2006 Moscow market bombing: A home-made bomb detonated in Cherkizovsky Market, which was targeted due to the market's high volume of Central Asian and Caucasian clientele. The perpetrators were charged with racially motivated murder.^[247]^[248]	Spas
26 April 2007	Melee attack	0	2	Kostroma	Imam Ulugbek Abdullaev and his wife, both of whom were dressed in distinctive Islamic clothing, were beaten by people who yelled "go back to your Muslim country."^[249]	Two Russian youth
15 August 2007	Execution, shooting	2	0	Maykop	Russian National Socialist Party beheading video: A video was released on the Internet of a Tajik immigrant and a Dagestan man being beheaded by Russian neo-Nazis.^[250]	Russian National Socialist Party
28 November 2007	Vandalism	0	0	Vladimir	Men threw stones at and broke windows of a mosque.^[251]	Four unidentified men
1 January 2008	Vandalism	0	0	Sergiyev Posad	A Muslim prayer house was attacked with Molotov cocktails, marking the second attack in two months.^[251]	Four unidentified men
June 2010	Vandalism	0	0	Zlatoust	15 headstones at a Muslim cemetery were desecrated.^[38]	Unknown

Sri Lanka

Below is a list of 10 incidents in Sri Lanka that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
28 May – 8 August 1915	Shooting, bombing, arson	116	Unknown	Various cities, British Ceylon	1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots: A widespread and prolonged ethnic riot took place in the island of Ceylon between Sinhalese Buddhists and the Ceylon Moors before being suppressed by the British colonial authorities.^[252]^[253] According to some official estimates, which must be taken as approximate, the riots resulted in 25 killed, 189 wounded, 4 sexually assaulted, 4,075 houses and boutiques looted, 250 houses and boutiques burned down, 17 mosques burned and 86 mosques damaged.^[254]^[255] Other official figures place total of 116 people were killed, 63 by military and Police forces.^[256]	Sinhalese Buddhists
8–11 November 1985	Shooting, bombing	30–100+	Unknown	Muttur, Eastern Province	1985 Muttur massacre: The 1985 massacre in Muttur was a slaughter of Tamil civilians in the town of Muttur in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. The massacre occurred when all three divisions of the Sri Lankan military attacked the town by land, air and sea. The motive of the attacks was deliberately aimed at slaughtering ethnic Tamils, who formed the local population in the region. The killings lasted for 3 days from 8 to 11 November. Civilians were shot and killed and burned with their houses. Over 30 people were confirmed to have been killed. Over 70 others who have been arrested or have been forcibly disappeared were not accounted for. Several others who attempted to escape and those who sought refuge at temples were also killed.^[257]	Sri Lankan military
3 August 1990	Shooting, bombing	147	Unknown	Kattankudy, Eastern Province	Kattankudy mosque massacre: Tamil militants massacred over 147 Muslims in a mosque in Kattankudi.^[258]^[259]^[260]^[261] The act took place when around 30 Tamil rebels raided four mosques in the town of Kattankudi, where over 300 people were prostrating during prayers. The LTTE later apologized (during the 2000 peace talks) for this act and asked the Muslims to return, but very few Muslims have taken up the offer.^[262]	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
29 April 1992	Shooting	157	Unknown	Polonnaruwa, North Central Province	Polonnaruwa massacre: A series of attacks on civilians in the villages of Alanchipothana, Karapola, Madurangala and Muthugal in eastern Polonnaruwa District.^[263]	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
15 October 1992	Shooting, stabbing, melee attacks	166–285	Unknown	Palliyagodella, North Central Province	Palliyagodella massacre: The Palliyagodella massacre was carried out by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam against the mostly Muslim population of the Palliyagodella village located on border region of the northern part of Sri Lanka that were controlled by the Tigers at the time. This was the largest massacre of Muslim civilians by the LTTE to date. Village eyewitnesses claim that some 285 men, women and children, around a third of the population, were killed by a 1,000 strong force of the Tamil Tigers;^[264] however, the Sri Lankan government states that cadres massacred 166 to 171 people by a force of 150 attackers.^[265]^[266]	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
30 April 2001	Shooting, melee attack	2	15+	Mawanella, Central Province	Mawanella riots: The Mawanella riots was a series of planned attacks on the Sri Lankan Muslim minority by the majority Sinhalese in the town of Mawanella, that resulted in the deaths of two people and left more than 15 injured in the clashes and also leading to destruction of millions of rupees worth property in the region.^[267]^[268]^[269]^[270]	Sri Lankan police, local thugs
18 September 2006	Shooting, stabbing, melee attack	10	0	Pottuvil, Eastern Province	Pottuvil massacre: The Pottuvil massacre is a disputed event in the Sri Lankan civil war where 10 unarmed minority Muslim civilians who were engaged in clearing a reservoir at Rattal Kulam in Pottuvil in the southern part of the Ampara District in the Eastern Province, were attacked and killed. All the men were aged between 19 and 35 years of age; three of the men were decapitated and the others were shot or hacked to death by the unknown gunmen.^[271]	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
15–17 June 2014	Shooting, stabbing, melee attack, arson	4	80	Kalutara District, Western Province	2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka: The 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka were religious and ethnic riots in June 2014 in south-western Sri Lanka. Muslims and their property were attacked by Sinhalese Buddhists in the towns of Aluthgama, Beruwala and Dharga Town in Kalutara District. At least four people were killed and 80 injured.^[272] Hundreds were made homeless following attacks on homes, shops, factories, mosques and a nursery.^[273] 10,000 people (8,000 Muslims and 2,000 Sinhalese) were displaced by the riots.^[274] The riots followed rallies by Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), a hard line Buddhist group.^[275] The BBS was widely blamed for inciting the riots but it has denied responsibility.^[276]^[277]^[278] The mainstream media in Sri Lanka censored news about the riots following orders from the Sri Lankan government.^[279]	Bodu Bala Sena and followers
26 February – 10 March 2018	Widespread looting, assault, arson	2	15	Ampara and Kandy District	2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka were a series of religious riots targeting Muslims that began in the Sri Lankan town of Ampara on 26 February 2018, spreading to Kandy District by 2 March until its end on 10 March 2018.	Unknown
6–16 May 2019	Widespread looting, assault, arson	9	100+	North Western Province	The 2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka were a series of religiously motivated riots targeting Muslims in Sri Lanka. The riots originated as isolated incidents in the aftermath of the Easter bombings in the nation, beginning in Chilaw and subsequently spreading to much of the Northwestern Province.	Unknown

Spain

Below is a list of 7 incidents in Spain that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
24 September 2014	Stabbing	5	Lleida	At least five immigrants were stabbed and injured, most of them Arabs, in different parts of Lleida, Catalonia. The attacker, a university student, was arrested by police and said that he had Islamophobic ideas.^[280]	Unnamed university student
23 March 2016	Arson	0	Madrid	A group of neo-Nazi followers threw Molotov cocktails at the great mosque of the M-30 of Madrid, without causing personal damage.^[281]	Neo-nazi
7 September 2016	Melee attack	1	Barcelona	Two right-wing extremists assaulted a pregnant Muslim woman with a niqab while screaming "Get out of my country". The attack occurred in Ciutat Vella, in the center of Barcelona.^[282]	Right-wing extremists
20 August 2017	Vandalism	0	Seville	Vandals and protesters in Seville targeted local mosques with graffiti, hate speech, and violent threats 2 days after the 2017 Barcelona attacks.^[283]
20 August 2017	Vandalism	0	Granada	A mosque was attacked with flares and surrounded by people chanting racial slurs and accusing Muslims of terrorism 2 days after the 2017 Barcelona attacks.^[283]
21 August 2017	Melee attack	3	Fitero, Navarre	Three Moroccans were brutally attacked by a group of extremists with big sticks and melee weapons in Navarre when they participated in a tribute to the victims of the Barcelona attack.^[284]	Islamophobics
23 August 2017	Melee attack	1	Madrid	A 38-year-old Muslim woman was injured after being attacked by two or three young men in front of Madrid metro, in the district of Usera. The attack was in response to the 2017 Barcelona attacks.^[285]	Right-wing extremists

Sweden

Below is a list of 8 incidents in Sweden that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
2003	Arson	0	0	Malmö	An arson attack damaged the Malmö Mosque and totally destroyed other buildings at the Islamic Center.^[286] The restoration cost was 17 million Swedish kronor. No one was arrested for the attack.^[287]	Unknown
18 September 2005	Arson	0	0	Malmö	Someone threw in a bottle containing flammable liquid, breaking one of the Malmö Mosque's windows. On that occasion the resulting fire was also doused before it could cause serious damage.^[286]	Unknown
22 October 2005	Arson	0	1	Malmö	One man was taken to hospital suffering from mild smoke injuries as a result of the arson attack targeting Malmö Mosque.^[286] No one was arrested for the attack.^[287]	Unknown
10 October 2009 – 21 October 2010	Shooting	2	13	Malmö	2009–10 Malmö shootings: Serial shooting killed two and injured 13 others in Malmö. The perpetrator had "strong anti-immigrant sentiments" and all but one of the victims were not ethnically Swedish.^[288]	Peter Mangs
25 December 2014 – 1 January 2015	Arson	0	5+	Eslöv Uppsala Eskilstuna	2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden: On Christmas, five people suffered injuries when, according to early reports, a petrol bomb had been tossed through the window of a mosque in Eskilstuna. Up to 20 people, including children, were in the mosque at the time of the attack.^[289]^[290] Police later said they were investigating the incident as an accident, considering it unlikely to have been a deliberate attack.^[291] It was later reported that an overheated deep-fryer was the probable cause of the fire.^[292]^[293] The second attack took place on Monday in the southern Swedish town of Eslöv just after 3 am local time. No one was injured on that occasion.^[294]^[295] Early on New Year's morning, a third attack hit a mosque in Uppsala.^[296]^[297]^[298]	Unknown
22 October 2015	Stabbing	3 (+1)	1	Trollhättan	Trollhättan school stabbing: A masked swordsman killed two and wounded another at Kronan School in Trollhättan. The perpetrator chose the school as his target due to its high immigrant population. He was later shot and killed by police. It is the deadliest attack on a school in Swedish history.^[299]^[300] A teacher who was stabbed during the incident succumbed to his wound on 3 December, raising the death toll to 3.^[301]	Anton Lundin Pettersson
21 February 2017	Arson	0	0	Gothenburg	An Islamic center was set on fire. Police suspect it was a hate crime.^[302]	Unknown
14 June 2017	Vehicular attack	0	0	Malmö	A 22-year-old man with ties to the Nordic Resistance Movement confessed to driving his Volvo into an Iraqi demonstration outside the Migration Agency in Malmö. Police are investigating it as a hate crime.^[303]	Unnamed man

Switzerland

Below is a list of 1 incidents in Switzerland that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
19 December 2016	Shooting	1 (+1)	3	Zürich	Zürich Islamic center shooting: A man yelled "Raus aus unserem Land [Get out of our country]"^[304] before opening fire on people at an Islamic center in Central Zürich.^[305]^[306] The motive is still being investigated but the Islamic Central Council of Switzerland issued a statement suggesting it should serve as an "alarm" regarding the threat posed by increasing Islamophobia in Swiss society.^[307]	Unnamed man

Ukraine

Below is a list of 2 incidents in Ukraine that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
23 August 2010	Vandalism, attempted arson	0	0	Simferopol	Someone drew a swastika on the Seyit-Settar mosque and attempted to set it on fire.^[38]	Unknown
25 December 2010	Attempted arson	0	0	Simferopol	Arson on the Seit-Settar mosque was attempted a second time. One local Muslim leader said that vandalism of Muslim holy sites in the Crimea are not properly investigated.^[38]	Unknown

United Kingdom

Below is a list of 29 incidents in the United Kingdom that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
12 July 2005	Melee attack	1	0	Nottingham, England	A Muslim man, Kamal Raza Butt, was beaten to death outside a corner shop by a gang of youths who shouted anti-Islamic abuse at him and called him "Taliban".^[308]	Unnamed gang
10 March 2006	Stabbing, vandalism	0	1	Preston, England	The Jamia Masjid mosque was attacked by gangs of white youths using brick and concrete blocks. The youths damaged a number of cars outside the mosque and stabbed a 16-year-old Muslim. The local police described the attack as "racially motivated".^[309]	Unnamed gang
30 June 2007	Stabbing, melee attack	0	1	Blackley, England	Ghulam Mustafa Naz, a Muslim religious teacher, was stabbed and beaten by four men. Police suggested it was a hate crime.^[310]	Four unnamed men
3 July 2007	Vehicular attack	0	0	Glasgow, Scotland	A vehicle was driven into a store owned by a Muslim man named Ashfaq Ahmed. The driver attempted to set fire to the vehicle and threw a gas canister into the shop. The massive blast destroyed the store.^[310]	Unnamed men
3 August 2007	Arson	0	0	Bradford, England	A mosque in Bradford was seriously damaged in an arson attack.^[310]	Unknown
9 August 2007	Arson	0	0	London, England	Assailants attacked the 58-year-old imam of the Central Mosque in Regent's Park. The victim required emergency surgery on both eyes as a result.^[310]	Two unnamed men
22 August 2008	Melee attack	1	2+	Hastings, England	Mohammed al-Majed, a 16-year-old student from Qatar, was beaten up outside a kebab shop. He succumbed to his wound 2 days later in hospital. At least 2 of his friends were also injured during the incident. The perpetrator was convicted of "racially aggravated common assault."^[311]	George Austin, Paul Rockett, and Alexander Quinn
6 July 2009	Arson	0	0	Glasgow, Scotland	The branch of Islamic Relief was badly damaged by a fire which police said was started deliberately, and which members of the Muslim community of Scotland allege was Islamophobic.^[312]	Two unnamed men
8 April 2010	Melee attack	0	1	Nottingham, England	Abida Malik and Asif Ahmed were targeted by up to 20 men on a train. The attackers called the couple terrorists.^[95]	20 unnamed men
10 May 2010	Bombing	0	0	Babworth, England	Inmates at Ranby Prison made a bomb intending to kill fellow Muslim prisoners. The inmates threw the bomb in the room where worshippers were in, but a prison officer removed it from the facility and disabled it before it went off.^[95]	20 unnamed men
9 June 2010	Melee attack	0	1	London, England	A 13-year-old girl was burned and robbed in Grangewood Park by three teenagers who yelled anti-Muslim slurs.^[95]	Three unnamed teenagers
3 December 2010	Attempted arson	0	0	Stoke-on-Trent, England	A mosque was filled with flammable gas in an attempt to light it on fire. The police classified it as a "deliberate racist attack".^[38]	Four unnamed teenagers
26 May 2013	Arson	0	0	Grimsby, England	Two ex-soldiers firebombed a mosque four days after the death of Lee Rigby.^[313]	Gavin Humphreys, Stuart Harness and Daniel Cressey.
29 April 2013	Stabbing	1	0	Birmingham, England	Murder of Mohammed Saleem: 82-year-old Mohammed Saleem was stabbed to death while on his way home from Green Lane Masjid in Small Heath, Birmingham. The perpetrator later stated that he killed Salem because he "was a Muslim and there were no witnesses".^[314]	Pavlo Lapshyn
3 July 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Sunderland, England	A man was charged with racially/religiously aggravated assault after yelling "You're in our country now" and physically assaulting a Muslim woman at a mall.^[315]^[316] He was formally convicted and jailed in July 2017.^[317]	Peter Scotter
6 August 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Bletchley, England	A man was charged with racially/religiously aggravated assault after he kicked a pregnant Muslim woman in the stomach and caused her to lose her unborn twins.^[318] He was convicted in May 2017. Rallies were held in Bletchley in support of the victims.^[319]	David Gallacher
12 December 2016	Stabbing	0	1	London, England	A knifeman stabbed a passenger on a train at Forest Hill station before chasing people outside shouting "Who is a Muslim? I want to kill a Muslim." Authorities called the incident a "serious hate crime".^[320]	Unnamed man
16 December 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Cumbernauld, Scotland	A mosque was vandalized with graffiti reading "Saracen go home" and "Deus Vult," a Latin term meaning "God wills it". Authorities stated the incident was "a hate crime".^[321]	Unknown
16 December 2016	Melee attack	0	1	London, England	A Muslim woman was dragged along the pavement by her hijab. Authorities allege it was a "hate crime".^[322]	Two unnamed men
23 May 2017	Suspected arson attack	0	0	Oldham, England	The door of the Jamia Qasmia Zahidia Islamic Centre in Oldham, Greater Manchester, was set alight and badly damaged. Mohammad Saddiq, an imam at the mosque, said the attack was arson attack in revenge for the Manchester Arena bombing.^[323]	Unknown
19 June 2017	Vehicular attack	1	11	London, England	Finsbury Park attack: A man drove into a crowd of Muslims leaving a mosque after prayer. The incident was deemed terrorism and, while the motive is still under investigation,^[324] several civil rights groups and politicians claim the perpetrator was motivated by Islamophobia.^[325]	Darren Osborne
25 June 2017	Melee attack Vandalism	0	1	Heckmondwike, England	A Muslim dad-of-three was knocked out by thugs before racist graffiti was daubed on his walls quoting a controversial Katie Hopkins tweet stating "we need a final solution".^[326]	Unnamed gang
26 June 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Manchester, England	A 13-year-old boy was repeatedly kicked in the head by a gang of older teens during a racially motivated hate crime. The perpetrators repeatedly called him a "Paki".^[327]	Unnamed gang
11 September 2017	Melee attack	0	2	Manchester, England	A man set his dog on two Muslims during a ‘campaign of racism’. Jakub Wendland's cross breed bull terrier bit a man and left a woman traumatised. During one of the attacks, the 32-year-old shouted: "You bite her, bite her. They kill people. So go on, bite a Muslim." The Polish national, who denies being a racist, was jailed for two-and-a-half years at Manchester Crown Court.^[328]	Jakub Wendland
20 September 2017	Vehicular attack	0	1	Leicester, England	A Muslim woman suffered serious injuries after being struck by a car. Police allege the car driver intended to kill her and that it was a hate crime.^[329]	An unnamed man
24 September 2017	Stabbing	0	1	Altrincham, England	A 58-year-old Muslim man named Nasser Kurdy was stabbed as he arrived at the Islamic Cultural Centre on Grove Lane. Greater Manchester Police confirmed the incident is being treated as a hate crime, and that two men aged 54 and 32 had been arrested in connection with the attack.^[330] Kurdy had treated victims of the Manchester Arena bombing. After he was out of the hospital, Kurdy said that he had forgiven his attackers and that they were "not representative of what this country stands for".^[331]	Two unnamed men
10 October 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Manchester, England	A 12-year-old boy stamped on a Muslim schoolboy's head in a race hate gang attack, but was not arrested. The boy also chased and "terrorised" a 10-year-old boy with a medical crutch while wearing a mask, and caused £500 damage by hurling stones at a truck on a building site.^[332]	Unnamed gang
25 October 2018	Assault	0	1	Stanwell, Surrey, England	A man shouting Islamophobic remarks went on a rampage armed with a baseball bat and knife, injuring one 19-year-old male. The man shouted "kill a Muslim" before carrying out the attack.^[333]	Unnamed 50-year-old male
26 May 2024	Assault	0	1	London, England	A man who was describing himself to be an IDF soldier was arrested after assaulting a Muslim during an argument.^[334]	Unarmed male

United States

In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, many residents of Middle Eastern descent and African-American Muslims became victims of the initial rage at "Muslim terrorists" as the initial news stories hypothesized. KFOR-TV's coverage of the bombing informed viewers that a member of the Nation of Islam had taken credit for the bombing. Even though the network cautioned that it might be a crank call, it repeated the claim throughout the day's coverage.^[335] According to a report prepared by the Arab American Institute, three days after the bombings, "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and American Muslims. The same was true in the days following September 11."^[336] There were also suggestions on the radio that all Arab Americans should "be put in internment camps".^[335]

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, hate crimes against people of Middle-Eastern descent increased from 354 attacks in 2000 to 1,501 attacks in 2001.^[337] Among the victims of the backlash was a Middle-Eastern man in Houston, Texas who was shot and wounded after an assailant accused him of "blowing up the country"^[336] and four immigrants were shot and killed by a man named Larme Price who confessed to killing them as "revenge" for the September 11 attacks.^[338] Although Price described his victims as Arabs, only one was from an Arab country. This appears to be a trend; on account of stereotypes of Arabs, several non-Arab, non-Muslim groups were subjected to attacks in the wake of 9/11, including several Sikh men who were attacked for wearing their religiously mandated turban.^[339] According to a report prepared by the Arab American Institute, three days after the Oklahoma City bombing (which was committed by anti-government white American Timothy McVeigh), "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and American Muslims. The same was true in the days following September 11."^[336]

While en route to Chicago, Shahrukh Khan, a well-known Bollywood actor, was held for what he described as "humiliating" questioning for several hours in Newark Airport, New Jersey because of his common Muslim surname Khan. He was released only following the intervention of the Indian embassy.^[340]^[341]

In April 2012, various media sources reported that the Joint Forces Staff College taught an anti-Islam course. The course taught that "they [Muslims] hate everything you stand for and will never coexist with you." It also proposed justified the destruction of the cities of Mecca and Medina "without regard for civilian deaths". The course was suspended after a student objected to the material.^[342]^[343]

In early August 2012 U.S. Representative Joe Walsh (R-IL) said at a town hall that radical Muslims were "trying to kill Americans every week." Soon after his remarks several attacks against Muslims took place in his district, including a 12 August acid bomb attack on a Muslim school in Lombard, Illinois during evening Ramadan prayers and hate graffiti found on 16 August in a Muslim Cemetery.^{[citation needed]} There also were several other attacks of mosques with pellet guns, acid bombs, eggs, or unclean animal parts. Some incidents are being investigated as hate crimes.^[344]

Research suggests that hate crimes and discrimination against Muslims in the United States leads to lower assimilation rates.^[345]

Below is a list of 60 incidents in the United States that could be considered Islamophobic:

Date	Type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details	Perpetrator
15 September 2001	Shooting	1	0	Mesa, Arizona	Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi: Balbir Singh Sodhi, who wore a beard and a turban in accordance with his Sikh faith, was mistaken for an Arab Muslim.^[346] Roque had reportedly told friends that he was "going to go out and shoot some towel-heads" the day of the attacks.^[347]	Frank Silva Roque
15 September – 4 October 2001	Shooting	2	1	Dallas, Texas	Waqar Hasan, a 46-year-old Pakistani immigrant, was shot and killed inside of a grocery store in Dallas. Another victim, 28-year-old Raisuddin Bhuiyan was shot in the face while working on a convenience store. He was saved from brain damage, but lost sight of one of his eyes. The third victim, Vasudev Patel, 49, was gunned down in Mesquite, Texas on 4 October 2001. The perpetrator said his motive was "to avenge the United States on 9/11"^[348]	Mark Anthony Stroman
14 January 2007	Melee attack	0	1	Lackawanna, New York	A 26-year-old man of Yemeni ethnicity was physically assaulted by attackers who used a racist and anti-Muslim epithet during the incident. The victim was thrown to the ground, sustaining a fracture under one eye, a broken nose, and cuts requiring six stitches on his face and staples to the back of his head.^[249]	Unknown
16 September 2007	Melee attack	0	1	Locust Valley, New York	Zohreh Assemi, an Iranian American Muslim owner of a nail salon in Locust Valley, New York, was robbed, beaten, and called a "terrorist" in what authorities called a bias crime.^[349] Assemi was kicked, sliced with a boxcutter, and had her hand smashed with a hammer. The perpetrators, who forcibly removed $2,000 from the salon and scrawled anti-Muslim slurs on the mirrors, also told Assemi to "get out of town" and that her kind were not "welcomed" in the area. The attack followed two weeks of phone calls in which she was called a "terrorist" and told to "get out of town," friends and family said.^[349]	Unknown
9 February 2008	Arson	0	0	Columbia, Tennessee	The Islamic Center in Columbia was firebombed with Molotov cocktails by members of the right-wing extremist Christian Identity Movement.^[251]	Christian Identity Movement
July 2010 – March 2011	Burning Qur'ans	0	0	Gainesville, Florida	Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy: The Dove World Outreach Center church planned to burn Qur'ans on the ninth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. Despite warning from the military leadership in the Afghan War, Terry Jones, the pastor of the centre, said it would be "tragic" if anybody's life was lost as a result of the planned Quran burning. While he added "Still, I must say that we feel that we must sooner or later stand up to Islam, and if we don't, it's not going to go away." His church's website claims to "expose Islam" as a "violent and oppressive religion;" it also displays a sign reading "Islam is of the Devil."^[350] In early September 2010, Jones cancelled and pledged never to burn a Quran,^[351] but on 20 March 2011, Jones held a "trial of the Quran" in his Gainesville church. Finding the scriptures guilty of "crimes against humanity," the Quran was burned in the church sanctuary.^[352]	Terry Jones
25 August 2010	Stabbing	0	1	New York City	A New York taxi driver was stabbed after a passenger asked if he was Muslim. The perpetrator was charged with a hate crime.^[353]	Michael Enright
28 November 2010	Arson	0	0	Corvallis, Oregon	A man was arrested in Monmouth, Oregon nearly a year after he set fire to the Corvallis Mosque.^[354] He was sentenced to probation in 2016.^[355]	Cody Crawford
January 7, 2011 & April 10, 2011	Vandalism/Quran Burning	0	0	Springfield, Missouri	A man sprayed graffiti on the Islamic Center of Springfield and burned copies of the Quran a few months later.^[356] He was sentenced to 5 years of probation in 2016.^[357]	Adam Smock
24 January 2011	Attempted car bombing	0	0	Dearborn, Michigan	Dearborn mosque bombing plot: A man was arrested and charged with terrorism after attempting to blow up the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan, which has large Arab-American and Muslim populations.^[358] The man later said he opposed the Iraq war and targeted the mosque to "grab people's attention."^[359] He was arrested in the parking lot outside the mosque with a car filled with high-end, class C fireworks^[360] including M-80s.^[359]^[361]	Roger Stockham
2 October 2012	Arson	0	0	Toledo, Ohio	A man was arrested for setting fire to the Islamic Center of Greater Toledo.^[362]^[363] He was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2013.^[364]	Randolph (Randy) Linn
27 December 2012	Melee attack	1	0	New York City	Sunando Sen, a 46-year-old Indian immigrant, was hit and killed by a subway train when a woman pushed him onto the track. The woman later told authorities that she hates Muslims and "ever since 2001 when they put down the twin towers I've been beating them up."^[365]	Erika Menendez
17 January 2014	Failed terrorist plot	0	0	Galway, New York	Glendon Scott Crawford and Eric J. Feight of Galway, New York, were arrested in January 2014 for attempting to construct a remote control radiation-emitting device to be used to attack a number of targets. Crawford and Feight were to use the machine to attack Mosques, Islamic schools, and to kill then U.S. President Barack Obama. Feight received an 8-year federal prison sentence and was released in 2020. Crawford was sentenced to 30 years in federal prison and is scheduled for release in 2038.^[366]^[367]	Glendon Scott Crawford and Eric J. Feight
16 March 2014	Shooting	1	0	Sacramento, California	A man gunned down Iraqi artist Hassan Alawsi in the parking lot of a Home Depot. Police suspect the shooter was motivated by "his dislike of people of Middle Eastern descent."^[368]^[369]	Jeffrey Caylor
4 December 2014	Vehicular attack	1	0	Kansas City, Missouri	Killing of Abdisamad Sheikh-Hussein: A Muslim Somali-American student at Staley High School was killed near the Kansas City Somali Center, a man intentionally rammed his car into him, knocking him into the air, and then ran over him, nearly severing his legs.^[370] The driver of the car made rants against Islam and threats against Muslim worshippers outside a mosque. The SUV used in the attack had an anti-Muslim bumper sticker which compared the Quran with Ebola, while another stated that "Islam is worse than Ebola".^[371]^[372] The FBI classified it as a hate crime.	Ahmed H. Aden
10 February 2015	Shooting	3	0	Chapel Hill, North Carolina	2015 Chapel Hill shooting: Three Muslims killed by neighbour in their homes^[373]	Craig Hicks
10 April 2015	Attempted attack	0	0	Tompkins, New York	A man spent months gathering weapons and plotting an assault on a Muslim hamlet in northern New York City.^[374]^[375]	Robert Doggart
11 December 2015	Arson	0	0	Coachella, California	A man was arrested for setting fire to the Islamic Society of Coachella Valley.^[376]^[377] In 2016, he was sentenced to 6 years in prison.^[378]	Carl James Dial
26 December 2015	Melee attack	0	1	Fresno, California	Amrik Singh Bal, a 68-year-old Sikh man, was beaten by someone who called him a "terrorist."^[379]	Daniel Coronel Wilson Jr
1 January 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Titusville, Florida	A man was arrested for vandalizing The Islamic Society of Central Florida Masjid Al-Munin Mosque with a machete before leaving a piece of bacon.^[380] He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in 2017.^[381]	Michael Wolfe
29 June 2016	Shooting	0	2	Minneapolis, Minnesota	2016 Minneapolis shooting: A man shot at five Somali-Americans, wounding two of them. Witnesses later recounted that Sawina shouted Anti-Muslim expletives and stated he was going to "going to kill you all."^[382]	Anthony Sawina
19 July 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Omaha, Nebraska	Suthahar Subburaj, an Indian immigrant, was knocked unconscious outside an Indian restaurant by an assailant who shouted "ISIS... Get out of my country" as he beat him. Subbaraj is neither Arab nor Muslim.^[383]	Unnamed man
13 August 2016	Shooting	2	0	New York City	Maulama Akonjee, a 55-year-old imam, and his assistant, 64-year-old Thara Uddin, was shot and killed while on their way home from Al-Furqan Jame Mosque in Ozone Park, Queens. Police suspect it was a hate crime.^[384]	Oscar Morel
18 August 2016	Shooting	1	0	Tulsa, Oklahoma	A Lebanese-American man was shot and killed on his porch in by a neighbor who regularly called him a "dirty Muslim" and "Arab" despite him being Christian.^[385]	Stanley Majors
31 August 2016	Stabbing	1	0	New York City	Nazma Khanam, a Bangladeshi woman was fatally stabbed on a Queens sidewalk. The NYPD investigated it as a hate crime.^[386]^[387]	Yonatan Galvez Marin
12 September 2016	Arson	0	0	Fort Pierce, Florida	A man set a mosque on fire in fear of another "Manhattan World Trade Center attack or Boston Bombing."^[388]	Joseph Schreiber
11 October 2016	Attempted car bombing	0	0	Garden City, Kansas	2016 Garden City bombing plot: Three men monitored apartment blocks which were known to house Muslim refugees, stockpiled an arsenal of weapons, and planned to kill by detonating explosives in four trucks laden with ammonium nitrate.^[389]	Kansas Security Force (Crusaders)
20 October 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Fort Smith, Arkansas	Two mosques were damaged with graffiti swastikas and xenophobic slurs.^[390]	Craig Wigginton Abraham Davis
10 November 2016	Melee attack	0	1	New York City	Two Muslim women in Brooklyn were attacked while they were walking and pushing their children in strollers. The perpetrator stated "This is the United States of America, you're not supposed to be different from us" and demanded they leave the country.^[391]	Unnamed woman
14 November 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Owensboro, Kentucky	The Islamic Center of Owensboro was vandalized for the second time in less than a year.^[392]	Unknown
16 November 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Charlotte, North Carolina	A student was beaten and choked by a teacher, ostensibly due to his religion.^[393]	Unnamed teacher
25 November 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	A man attacked an Indian man sitting next to him at a bar after mistaking him for a Muslim. He was charged with "ethnic intimidation".^[394]	Jeffrey Burgess
27 November 2016	Melee attack	0	1	Fairfax County, Virginia	A man was beaten in a parking lot after someone yelled anti-Muslim slurs at him. The perpetrator was charged with a hate crime.^[395]	Robin McGreer
5 December 2016	Melee attack	0	1	New York City	A Muslim New York City transit worker was pushed down the stairs at Grand Central Terminal by a man who called her a terrorist.^[396]	Unknown
10 December 2016	Stabbing	0	1	Simi Valley, California	A Muslim worshipper was stabbed outside of a mosque. The perpetrator was charged with a hate crime.^[397]	John Matteson
17 December 2016	Vandalism	0	0	Redmond, Washington	The sign outside a Redmond mosque was vandalized for a second time in a month. The sign was first vandalized 21 November. Police said they are investigating both incidents as possible hate crimes.^[398]	Nathan Gray
18 December 2016	Melee attack	0	1	New York City	A man chucked hot coffee at a Muslim woman, hit her and accused her of being a "terrorist" in a Midtown Dunkin Donuts. He was charged with a hate crime.^[399]	Nathan Gray
22 January 2017	Vandalism	0	0	Davis, California	The windows of the Islamic Center of Davis were smashed. Police called it a hate crime.^[400]	Unknown
22 January 2017	Vandalism, attempted arson	0	0	Sacramento, California	Burglary and attempted arson took place at a restaurant. Racist and derogatory comments, including the word "terrorist," were written on the walls directed at the owners, who are Sikh. Police called it a hate crime.^[401]	Unknown
26 January 2017	Melee attack	0	1	New York City	A man kicked a Muslim airline worker and told her "Trump is here now" and "he will get rid of all of you."^[402]	Robin Rhodes
28 January 2017	Arson	0	0	Victoria, Texas	A man was arrested for burning down the Islamic Center of Victoria.^[403]^[404] In 2018, he was sentenced to 24 years in prison.^[405]	Marq Vincent Perez
1 February 2017	Vandalism	0	0	Roseville, California	Members of Roseville's Tarbiya Institute arrived Wednesday morning to find a dozen different racial epithets spray painted on the building's front and back.^[406]	Unknown
11 February 2017	Vandalism	0	0	Columbus, Ohio	An Islamic Center was vandalized with graffiti that read "Allah is a fraud."^[407]	Unknown
23 February 2017	Shooting	1	2	Olathe, Kansas	2017 Kansas shooting: A man shot and killed an Indian immigrant engineer he thought was Middle Eastern and wounded two others after shouting "get out of my country" and opening fire.^[408]	Adam Puritan
10 March 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Salem, Oregon	A man beat an Arab employee of Al Aqsa Restaurant with a pipe, yelling "go back to your country terrorist" and "get out of America."^[409]	Jason Kendall
12 March 2017	Attempted arson	0	0	Port St. Lucie, Florida	A Florida man who attempted to set fire to a convenience store told deputies that he assumed the owner was Muslim and that he wanted to "run the Arabs out of our country." The sheriff later said the store owners are actually Indian.^[410]^[411]	Richard Lloyd
26 March 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Washington, D.C.	Yosef Steynovitz was charged with assault with significant bodily injury, which is a felony, in connection with the beating of Kamal Nayfeh, a 55-year-old Palestinian-American instructor at a community college in Charlotte, North Carolina. Steynovitz was also charged with a "suspected hate crime" based on "anti-Arab" bias.^[412]	Yosef Steynovitz
11 April 2017	Melee attack, stabbing	0	1	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	A woman was beaten and stabbed by a man. Munjed Ahmad of the Islamic Society of Milwaukee concluded that "Nothing was stolen. There was no robbery. Her valuables remain with her. The only motive we can think of—because everything stayed with her and this individual went straight for her scarf is a hate crime."^[413]	Unnamed man
26 May 2017	Melee attack, stabbing	2	1	Portland, Oregon	2017 Portland train attack: A man fatally stabbed two people and injured a third on a MAX Light Rail train,^[414] after he was confronted for reportedly "yelling a gamut of anti-Muslim and anti-everything slurs."^[415] The Portland Police Bureau's report said Christian was shouting "hate speech toward a variety of ethnicities and religions", and directed his inflammatory remarks at two young Muslim women, one of whom was wearing a hijab.^[416]	Jeremy Joseph Christian
5 August 2017	Bombing	0	0	Bloomington, Minnesota	2017 Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center bombing: Bomb detonated in the Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center in Bloomington.^[417]	Michael Hari and 2 others
13 September 2017	Melee attack	0	2	New York City	An Orthodox Jewish woman and her daughter were allegedly beaten up at a Queens subway station by a drunk who mistook them for Muslims.^[418]	Dimitrious Zia
19 September 2017	Melee attack	0	1	Chicago, Illinois	Five football players at a private U.S. Christian college were charged in connection with a hazing incident that allegedly included anti-Muslim taunts and left a student with injuries requiring surgeries.^[419]	Five unnamed men
24 March 2019	Arson	0	0	Escondido, California	Escondido mosque fire: A man set fire to a mosque in Escondido, causing minor damage to the building. Police discovered graffiti on the mosque's driveway referencing the Christchurch mosque shootings shooter, leading them to consider the fire a terrorist attack.^[420]	John Thomas Earnest
23 April 2019	Vehicular attack	0	8	Sunnyvale, California	Isaiah Joel Peoples while on his way to a Bible Study Group, intentionally ran his car into a group of people because he assumed that they were Muslims and repeatedly said "Thank you Jesus" after crashing into them. Eight individuals were injured. One of the victims, a 7th-grade Indian origin girl, Dhriti Narayan, is in coma and doctors have removed the left side of her skull. He has been charged with a hate crime.^[421]^[422]^[423]	Isaiah Joel Peoples
24 April 2020	Arson	0	0	Cape Girardeau, Missouri	A man was arrested for starting a fire at the Cape Girardeau Islamic Center.^[424]^[425] He was sentenced to 16 years in prison in 2023.^[426]	Nicholas John Proffitt
30 April 2022	Vandalism	0	0	Highland Park, New Jersey	A mural of a woman wearing a hijab in downtown Highland Park was defaced after someone spray painted ‘USA’ and multiple Stars of David over her face, as well as the original artist's tags being scribbled out.^[427]	Unknown
22 November 2022	Melee attack	0	2	Manhattan, New York	A man made anti-Muslim remarks before he punched and slashed a Muslim woman across the face. A male teacher who was also on the L train stepped in to stop the attacker, only to be punched and slashed too. The suspect, believed to be a homeless man, got off the train at Union Square station and fled.^[428]^[429]	Unknown
23–24 April 2023	Arson	0	0	Minneapolis, Minnesota	A 36-year-old man was arrested for being the prime suspect of causing fires at the Masjid Omar Islamic Center and the Masjid Al Rahma mosque.^[430]^[431]	Jackie Rahm Little
14 October 2023	Melee attack	1	1	Plainfield, Illinois	Murder of Wadea Al-Fayoume: A man attacked a mother and son at their home, injuring the 32-year-old woman and fatally stabbing the 6-year-old boy. The accused was their landlord, and is claimed to have made anti-Muslim comments during the assault.^[432]	Joseph Czuba
May, 2024	Drowning	0	1	Euless, Texas	A 42-year-old woman tried to drown a 3-year-old Palestinian-American Muslim girl, in an apartment complex pool.^[433]^[434]	Elizabeth Wolf

Vietnam

The Cham Muslims in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Muslim Chams have experienced violent religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on practicing their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.^[435] Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.^[436]

Incidents on aircraft

After 9/11 some incidents with Muslim passengers on aircraft have given rise to the expression "Flying while Muslim".^[437]

On 16 August 2006, British passengers on board a flight from Malaga to Manchester requested the removal of two men of Asian descent from a plane. According to a spokesman for the Civil Guard in Malaga, "These men had aroused suspicion because of their appearance and the fact that they were speaking in a foreign language thought to be an Arabic language, and the pilot was refusing to take off until they were escorted off the plane." A security sweep of the plane found no explosives or any item of a terrorist nature. Monarch Airlines booked the men, who were Urdu speakers, into a hotel room, gave them a free meal and sent them home on a later plane. The men later responded, "Just because we're Muslim, does not mean we are suicide bombers." The Islamic Human Rights Commission blamed "ever-increasing Islamophobia" related to the "war on terror" for the incident.^[438]^[439]
A passenger traveling to the British Virgin Islands on a plane bound for the United States from Manchester in the UK was forced off the plane prior to takeoff. The man, a British-born Muslim residing in the United States, said he was singled out because he was a Muslim pilot and was left feeling "demoralized and humiliated. I must have met the profile on the day. I have an Arabic name, I am a Muslim, I'm from Britain and I know how to fly."^[440]^[441]
On 21 November 2006, six imams were forcefully removed from a US Airways flight at Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport for security reasons. The event led to an outcry from Muslim organizations in America saying that what happened showed the growing prejudice against Muslims in America.^[442] Investigations by the airline and police so far have reported that the airline and ground crews responded to security concerns properly in removing the men from the plane.^[443] See Flying Imams controversy for more details regarding this incident.
In 2009, AirTran Airways removed nine Muslim passengers, including three children, from a flight and turned them over to the FBI after one of the men commented to another that they were sitting right next to the engines and wondered aloud where the safest place to sit on the plane was. Although the FBI subsequently cleared the passengers and called the incident a "misunderstanding," AirTran refused to seat the passengers on another flight, forcing them to purchase last minute tickets on another airline that had been secured with the FBI's assistance. A spokesman for AirTran initially defended the airline's actions and said they would not reimburse the passengers for the cost of the new tickets. Although the men had traditional beards and the women headscarves, AirTran denied that their actions were based on the passengers' appearance.^[444] The following day, after the incident received widespread media coverage, AirTran reversed its position and issued a public apology, adding that it would in fact reimburse the passengers for the cost of their rebooked tickets.^[445]
On 18 November 2015, in two separate incidents, passengers at Midway Airport were allegedly not permitted to fly aboard Southwest Airlines flights when other passengers claimed to be afraid to fly with them because they were speaking Arabic, or appeared to be Muslim. The refusal sparked widespread condemnation on the airline's social media pages and received prominent coverage, in the US and internationally, accompanied by calls for a boycott of the airline.^[446] According to The Economist, "in the two Southwest cases, it was the passengers themselves conducting their own vigilante profiling; the airline was merely bowing to their demands."^[447]

Politician-related incidents

CAIR and the Associated Press called United States Rep. Virgil Goode (R-VA) Islamophobic for his December 2006 letter stating that Rep-elect Keith Ellison's desire to use the Qur'an during the swearing in ceremonies was a threat to "the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America" and for saying "I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies."^[448]^[449]
Concerning the US state of North Carolina's position (as expressed by their attorney general's office) in the ongoing case of ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina that the only swearing-in for testimony in court that was valid had to be on a Christian Bible (and that all others must choose to affirm), CAIR's Legal Director in Washington D.C, Arsalan Iftikhar, said "This shows there's a lot of anti-Muslim sentiment, especially here in the United States."^[450]
British cabinet ministers had been criticized in October 2006 for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" in the United Kingdom by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a survey commissioned by the Home Office on 400, 15-year-old white and Asian-Muslim youths finding that Asian-Muslim youths are more tolerant and that white British youths have more intolerant attitudes.^[451]

Media-related incidents

A 2008 amateur shoot 'em up computer game called Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide had as its aim killing all Muslims that appear on the screen. The game's creator took down the game's download site with a statement of apology on his personal website, stating his original intention in releasing the game, to "mock the foreign policy of the United States and the commonly held belief in the United States that Muslims are a hostile people to be held with suspicion." He said this had not been understood by the wider public and that its release "did not achieve its intended effect and instead only caused hurt to hospitable, innocent people."^[452] However, it later emerged that the apology was indeed fake and the original game was an act of a political statement and not of anti-Muslim sentiment.^[453]
In September 2012 the group Stop Islamization of America, which has been labeled a "hate group" by the Southern Poverty Law Center^[454]^[455] and the Anti-Defamation League,^[456] ran advertisements in the New York City Subway reading "In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad." Several groups condemned the advertisements as "hate speech."^[457] In early January 2013 a related group put up advertisements next to 228 clocks in 39 New York subway stations showing the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center with a quote attributed to the Koran: “Soon shall we cast terror into the hearts of the unbelievers.”^[458] The New York City Transit Authority, which said it would have to carry the advertisements on First Amendment grounds, insisted that 25% of the ad contain a Transit Authority disclaimer.^[459]^[460] These advertisements also were criticized.^[461]^[462]

Notes

^ The police report stated that Wiens called El-Sherbini Terroristin, Islamistin and Schlampe.^[114]

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[115] The police report stated that Wiens called El-Sherbini Terroristin, Islamistin and Schlampe.^[114]

[1] "Islamophobia". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.

[:5-2] "islamophobia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2016.

[3] "Islamophobia". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 10 November 2016.

[FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-4] Miles & Brown 2003, p. 166.

[egorova-5] See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2–3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, 'The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World' in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166–68. "

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