Leonard–Cushing Fight
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| Leonard–Cushing Fight | |
|---|---|
 An advertisement for the Leonard–Cushing Fight, a 1894 black-and-white silent film, featuring a boxing match. | |
| Produced by | William K.L. Dickson |
| Starring | Mike Leonard Jack Cushing |
| Cinematography | William Heise |
| Distributed by | Edison Manufacturing Company |
Release date |
|
Running time | 6 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent |
The Leonard–Cushing Fight is an 1894 American short black-and-white silent film produced by William K.L. Dickson, starring Mike Leonard and Jack Cushing. Leonard and Cushing participate in a six-round boxing match under special conditions that allow for it to be filmed and displayed on a Kinetograph. The film was shot on an uncertain date between May 24 and June 14, 1894, in a specially configurated ring in Edison's Black Maria film studio in West Orange, New Jersey. Premiered on August 4, 1894 in Manhattan, the movie is the first sports film ever released. As of 2023, no full print of the film is known to have survived, making it a partially lost film. A 23-second fragment is available at the Library of Congress.
Plot
[edit]The boxers Mike Leonard and Jake Cushing participate in a six-round exhibition boxing bout. According to Terry Ramsaye, the fighters "[...] went six savage, abbreviated rounds of desperate fighting. In the sixth round Cushing, trapped by a feint, dropped his guard and stopped a swift right and left chop to the jaw." The film ends with Leonard knocking out Cushing.[1]
Cast
[edit]- Michael Wellington Leonard (credited as Mike Leonard)
- Jack Cushing
Background and production
[edit]
In 1888, Thomas Edison became interested in developing a motion-picture device.[2] Edison appointed his company's photographer William K.L. Dickson with the development of such a device. Dickson, alongside his assistant Charles Brown started to work on different concepts the following year. Alongside William Heise, the company experimented with recording boxing bouts in spring 1891.[2] Twelve feet of film were shot either in May or June 1891, featuring two of Edison Manufacturing Company employees, pretending to spar in a boxing ring.[3] In a May 1891 interview with The Sun Edison announced his desire to display prize fights through his Kinetescope; "To the sporting fraternity I can say that before that before long it will be possible to apply this system to prize fights and boxing exhibitions."[4][5] The Kinetescope had its world premiere on May 9, 1893, in the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Further development of motion picture devices led to the first private Kinetescope parlor opening in April the following year. Edison's business partners, Otway and Grey Latham, Enoch J. Rector, and Samuel J. Tilden Jr., sought to commercialize the popularity of the device. The group chose prizefighting as an easy subject to capture, but the Kinetescope needed further development to properly display a fight.
According to film historian Gordon Hendricks, preparation for filming might have begun as early as May 24, 1894.[6] Heise and Dickson experimented with various New York based boxers, namely Kid Lavigne, Young Griffo and Jack McAuliffe, who all dropped out of the project.[6] Leonard initially rejected the proposal, due to the US$35 (US$1,096 in 2021) payment he deemed low. He later received US$150 (US$4,698 in 2021) and all of his expenses were paid.[7] Filming took place in mid-June to early July 1894[A] in a 10 feet (3.0 m) to 12 feet (3.7 m) ring[B], in Edison's Black Maria film studio. The team had to wait several days for clear weather, as the studio required natural light.[5] The fight was watched by Edison and six unnamed partners.[7] It is uncertain how many rounds were actually recorded. A June 16 account published in the New York World speaks of six rounds, while The Sun and Ramsaye claim ten recorded rounds.[7][9] Further disagreement is about how much film was actually recorded. According to the New York World, 46 photos per second, 16,500 photos in total were taken, accounting for 900 feet (270 m),[7] while Ramsaye claims ten rounds and 1,000 feet (300 m).[1][9] Hendricks calls Ramsaye claim of ten rounds an error.[11] Edison's own March 1900 catalog lists each round at 150 feet (46 m), for a total of 900 feet (270 m). No matter the actual length, the film was the longest ever taken at the time.[5] Cushing told the New York World that fighting in front of a Kinetescope is not a real fight.[12] Leonard told the paper that he: "generally hit 'im in the face, because I felt sorry for his family and thought I would select only place that couldn't be disfigured. It's lucky the rounds lasted only a minute, for while I tried to spare him, of course I couldn't keep all my strength in."[12] Leonard later recounted that Edison treated him right and that he "didn’t want to be too quick for his machine."[5]
Release and reception
[edit]The Leonard–Cushing Fight premiered on August 4, 1894, in a Kinetescope parlor owned by the Latham's brother Kinetoscope Exhibiting Company in 83 Nassau Street (Manhattan).[13] The film was sold by the round, for five cents each. Accorind to Ramsaye, "throngs packed the place and by the second day two long lines of waiting patrons trailed back into the street on either side of the entrance. The police came to keep order in the queue."[1] Gamache claims that "the relative obscurity of the fighters, both of whom were from Brooklyn, and the fact that viewers could opt to pay for only the knockout round contributed to the lack of success of the Lathams’ parlor."[14] Other screenings were in 457 Fulton Street (Brooklyn).[15] On April 2, 1895, the Continental Commerce Company premiered the film in London's 70 Oxford Street.[16]
As part of a pre-1900 film exhibition, the British National Film Theatre screened the surviving part on three occasions; November 21, 28 and December 12, 1994.[17]
Legal issues
[edit]The state of New Jersey outlawed prize fights in 1835. According to an article published in The Sun on June 16, 1894, New Jersey's grand jury investigated a potential prize fight in Edison's studio.[18] However, no record of the investigation exists.[19]
By March 1900, each round of the film was sold by the publisher for US$22.50.[20][21]
Legal status
[edit]According to the Library of Congress, the film was never copyrighted by Edison. It received the fragment by Louise G. Ernst.[22] The website of the Library Congress lists Hendricks as the source of the 37-second fragment.[23]
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ There is disagreement on the recording date of the film. Hendricks concludes that the recording date was June 14, based on accounts by the New York World and The Orange Journal.[6] Ramsaye claimed in 1922 that the film was recorded in early July, which Hendricks refutes. The New York World account from June 16, 1984, says that "Yesterday morning [...]", pointing at a June 15 recording date.[8][9][6]
- ^ The June 16 account from The Sun and New York World says that the previous boxers didn't want to fight in a 12 feet (3.7 m) ring,[10] while Ramsaye claims 10 feet (3.0 m).[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Ramsaye 1922, p. 113 (490).
- ^ a b Gamache 2010, p. 21.
- ^ Streible 2008, p. 23-24.
- ^ "The Kinetograph". The Sun. New York City. May 28, 1891. pp. 1–2. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Vogan 2020, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d Hendricks 1972, p. 91.
- ^ a b c d Hendricks 1972, p. 92.
- ^ Musser 1991, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Ramsaye 1964, p. 109.
- ^ Hendricks 1972, p. 91-92.
- ^ Hendricks 1972, p. 195.
- ^ a b Hendricks 1972, p. 94.
- ^ Hawley, Samuel (March 27, 2017). "The Birth of the Feature Film – 120 Years Ago: The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897)". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ^ Gamache 2010, p. 27.
- ^ "The Kinetescope: The latest invention now on exhibition here". The Standard Union. August 16, 1894. p. 5. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
- ^ Brown & Anthony 2017, p. 22.
- ^ "Flickering images provide peep show on the past". The Times. November 19, 1994. p. 48. Retrieved January 14, 2023 – via Archive.org.
- ^ "Kinetographing a Fight". The Sun. New York City. June 16, 1891. p. 7. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Orbach 2009, p. 257.
- ^ Edison Films. March 1900. p. 15. doi:10.7282/T3SN09B0. Retrieved January 17, 2023 – via Rutgers University.
- ^ Form 105, July 1901: Complete Catalogue. Edison Manufacturing Company. July 1901. p. 27. doi:10.7282/T3XD122Q. Retrieved January 17, 2023 – via Rutgers University.
- ^ Spehr, Paul C. (1975). "Some Still Fragments of a Moving Past Edison Films in the Library of Congress". The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress. 32 (1): 39. ISSN 0041-7939. JSTOR 29781610. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
- ^ "Leonard-Cushing fight". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
References
[edit]Articles
[edit]- Ramsaye, Terry (April 1922). "The Romantic History of the Motion Picture". Photoplay. Macfadden Publications. Retrieved January 2, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Books
[edit]- Streible, Dan (April 11, 2008). Fight Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520250758.
- Vogan, Travis (October 16, 2020). The Boxing Film. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-1978801370.
- Brown, Richard; Anthony, Barry (2017). The Kinetoscope: A British History. John Libbey Publishing. ISBN 978-0861967308.
- Gamache, Ray (2010). A History of Sports Highlights Replayed Plays from Edison to ESPN. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4997-2.
- Hendricks, Gordon (1972). Origins of the American film. Arno Press. ISBN 0405039190.
- Musser, Charles (1991). Before the Nickelodeon: Edwin S. Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5200-6080-7.
- Lipton, Lenny (May 1, 2021). The Cinema in Flux: The Evolution of Motion Picture Technology from the Magic Lantern to the Digital Era. Los Angeles, Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-1-0716-0950-7.
- Spehr, Paul C. (2008). The Man Who Made Movies: W.K.L. Dickson. John Libbey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8619-6695-0.
- Dickson, William Kennedy Dickson; Dickson, Antonia (2000) [1895]. History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope, and Kinetophonograph. Self-published (Museum of Modern Art). ISBN 978-0-8109-6218-7.
- Ramsaye, Terry (1964) [1926]. A Million and One Nights: A History of the Motion Picture. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7146-1588-2.
Journals
[edit]- Orbach, Barack (March 2, 2009). "Prizefighting and the Birth of Movie Censorship". Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities. 21: 55. SSRN 1351542. Retrieved December 29, 2021.