List of exoplanet firsts

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

This is a list of exoplanet discoveries that were the first by several criteria, including:

and others.

The first

[edit]

The choice of "first" depends on definition and confirmation, as below. The three systems detected prior to 1994 each have a drawback, with Gamma Cephei b being unconfirmed until 2002; while the PSR B1257+12 planets orbit a pulsar. This leaves 51 Pegasi b (discovered and confirmed 1995) as the first confirmed exoplanet around a normal star.

First Planet Star Year Notes
First detected exoplanet later confirmed Gamma Cephei Ab Gamma Cephei 1988 (suspected), 2002 (confirmed) First evidence for exoplanet to receive later confirmation.
First exoplanets to be confirmed PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 First super-Earths.[1]

These exoplanets orbit a pulsar.

First confirmed exoplanet around normal star 51 Pegasi b 51 Pegasi 1995 First convincing exoplanet discovered around a Sun-like star.[2] While the minimum mass of HD 114762 b was high enough (11 Jupiter-masses) that it could be a brown dwarf, 51 Peg b's minimum mass meant that it almost certainly was near the mass of Jupiter.

By discovery method

[edit]
First discovery by a method
Discovery method Planet Star Year Notes
First planet discovered via pulsar timing PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 First super-earths.[1]
First planet discovered via radial velocity 51 Pegasi b 51 Pegasi 1995 First convincing exoplanet discovered around a Sun-like star.[2] While the minimum mass of HD 114762 b was high enough (11 Jupiter-masses) that it could be a brown dwarf, 51 Peg b's minimum mass meant that it almost certainly was near the mass of Jupiter.
First planet discovered via transit OGLE-TR-56 b OGLE-TR-56 2002 [3] This was also the second planet detected through transiting,[3] and the then farthest planet known at time of discovery.[3] The first extrasolar planet detected to be transiting was HD 209458 b, which had already been discovered by the radial velocity method.[3][4]
First planet discovered via gravitational lensing OGLE-2003-BLG-235L b OGLE-2003-BLG-235L / MOA-2003-BLG-53L 2004 This was discovered independently by the OGLE and MOA teams.[5]
First exoplanet discovered by directly imaging the extrasolar planet 2M1207 b 2M1207 2004/

2005

May be a brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen.[6]
First planet discovered through variable star timing V391 Pegasi b V391 Pegasi 2007 The planet was discovered by examining deviations from pulsation frequency from a subdwarf star.[7]
First extrasolar planet discovered by indirect imaging (visible light) Fomalhaut b Fomalhaut 2008 Discovered by a light reflecting off of a dust cloud surrounding the planet.[8] First planet orbiting an ABO star. In 2020 this object was determined to be an expanding debris cloud from a collision of asteroids rather than a planet.[9]
First extrasolar planet discovered by astrometric observations HD 176051 b HD 176051 A or HD 176051 B 2010 Orbits around one of the stars in a binary star system although it is not known which component it is orbiting around.
First exoplanet discovered by orbital perturbations of another planet Kepler-19c Kepler-19 (KOI-84, TYC 3134-1549-1) 2011 Detected through transit-timing variation method. Its existence was inferred by the gravitational influence it had on the orbital periodicity of Kepler-19b.[10][11]
First exoplanets discovered by orbital phase reflected light variations Kepler-70b, Kepler-70c[12] Kepler-70 2011 Now dubious.[13][14]
First exoplanet discovered by transit-duration variation method Kepler-88c Kepler-88 (KOI-142) 2013 Both transit timing variation and transit-duration variation was measured to measure deviations from the regular orbit of Kepler-88b. Deviations of the planet's transit duration and timing helped to discover Kepler-88c.[15]

By detection method

[edit]

Some of these planets had already been discovered by another method but were the first to be detected by the listed method.

First detection by a method
Detection method Planet Star Year Notes
First planet detected via radial velocity Gamma Cephei Ab Gamma Cephei 1988 First evidence for exoplanet to receive later confirmation.
First planet detected via pulsar timing PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 [1]
First planet detected by transit method HD 209458 b HD 209458 1999 This first exoplanet found to be transiting had already been discovered by the radial velocity method. This is also the first planet that has been detected through more than one method.[3][4]
First directly imaged extrasolar planet (infrared) 2M1207 b 2M1207 2004/ 2005 May be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. If it is a planet, it is the first known planet around a brown dwarf.
First directly imaged extrasolar planet orbiting a 'normal' star (infrared) DH Tauri b DH Tauri 2005 Revised masses place it below the deuterium-burning limit.[16] May be a brown dwarf companion.[17]

DH Tauri b and GQ Lupi b were confirmed as companions within about three month in 2005. Both could be brown dwarfs. If one is a planet, it is the first planet orbiting a 'normal' star, possibly the first exoplanet directly imaged.

First directly imaged extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star (infrared) AB Pictoris b AB Pictoris 2005 [18] It has 10±1 MJ.[19]

GQ Lupi b was found earlier.[20] May, however, be a brown dwarf companion.

1RXS J160929.1−210524 b was found later.[21] Revised mass places it at or above the deuterium-burning limit. May be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. The orbital status of the companion was confirmed in 2010.[22]

First planet with observed secondary eclipse (infrared) HD 209458 b HD 209458 2005 Planet was discovered in 1999. This is the first detection of light from an object with a clear planetary origin.[23]
First planet characterized by atmospheric spectroscopy HD 209458 b HD 209458 2007 [24] also by [25] HD 189733 b was characterized spectroscopically only few month later.[26]

Any of the earlier Direct imaging exoplanets, e.g. 2M1207 b, DH Tauri b or GQ Lupi b have spatially resolved spectroscopic observations, but the objects need confirmation to be of planetary origin.

First planets directly characterized through astrometric observations Gliese 876 b and Gliese 876 c Gliese 876 2009
First planet detected by orbital phase reflected light variations in visible light CoRoT-1b[27] CoRoT-1 2009 The planet in question had already been discovered with transit method.
First planet characterized by spatially resolved atmospheric spectroscopy HR 8799 c HR 8799 2010 [28][29] Several spectra of Direct imaging exoplanets might be earlier, but the objects need confirmation to be of planetary origin. Especially AB Pictoris b is a candidate, if its mass is confirmed to be 10±1 MJ.[19]
First planets detected through ellipsoidal light variations of the host star HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7 2010 [30]
First planets detected through transit timing variation method Kepler-9b, Kepler-9c Kepler-9 2010 Transit-timing variation was used to confirm both planets detected through transit method.[31]
First planet detected through transit duration variation method Kepler-16b[32] Kepler-16 2011 Orbital motion of the three-body system Kepler-16 causes variations of the duration of stellar eclipses and planetary transits.
First planet detected with eclipsing binary timing with well-characterized orbit Kepler-16b Kepler-16 2011 Kepler-16b itself was detected through transit method. There are stars with earlier detections through eclipsing binary timing. However, either those signals have matched with unstable orbits or the exact orbits are not known.[33]
First planet detected by light variations due to relativistic beaming TrES-2b TrES-2A 2012 [34]
First tilted multi-planetary system discovered Kepler-56b, c and d Kepler-56 2013 [35]
First extrasolar planet detected through polarimetry DH Tauri b /

GSC 6214-210 b

DH Tauri /

GSC 6214-210

2021 "polarization of several tenths of a percent for DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B in H-band" ... "unlikely to be caused by interstellar dust." ... "the polarization most likely originates from circumsubstellar disks."[36] Both companions may be brown dwarfs or exoplanets.

Polarized scattered light was found for HD 189733 b in 2008.[37] It could not be confirmed and was disputed by two separate teams.[38][39][40] Possibly a "Saharan dust event over the La Palma observatory in 2008 August".[40] HD 189733 b was discovered in 2005.

By system type

[edit]
First discovery by system type
System type Planet Star Year Notes
First extrasolar planet discovered in a solitary star system PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 First extrasolar planets discovered.[41]
First multiple planet extrasolar system discovered PSR B1257+12 A
PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 First pulsar planetary system.
First planet discovered in a circumbinary orbit PSR B1620-26 b PSR B1620-26 1993 Orbits a pulsar and a white dwarf. Discovery confirmed in 2003.
First planet discovered in globular cluster PSR B1620-26 b PSR B1620-26 1993 Located in Messier 4.
First planet discovered in a multiple main-sequence star system 55 Cancri b 55 Cancri 1996 55 Cnc has a distant red dwarf companion.
  • The planet around Gamma Cephei was already suspected in 1988, although its existence was not confirmed until 2002
  • Gamma Cephei Ab is the first relatively close binary with a planet.
First "free-floating" planet discovered[NB 1] S Ori 68 — 2000 ~5 MJupiter[42] Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation.[43]

S Ori J053810.1-023626 (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.[44][45]

First binary star system where both components have separate planetary systems HD 20781 b
HD 20781 c
HD 20782 b 		HD 20781
HD 20782 		2011
First multiple planet system in a multi-star system where multiple planets orbit multiple stars Kepler-47b
Kepler-47c 		Kepler-47 2012 [46][47] NN Serpentis cataclysmic variable is suspected to have at least 2 planets as of 2009.[48]

By star type

[edit]
First discovery by star type
Star type Planet Star Year Notes
First pulsar planet discovered PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 [41][1]
First known planet orbiting a white dwarf. PSR B1620-26 b PSR B1620-26 1993 Orbits a pulsar and a white dwarf. Discovery confirmed in 2003. GD 66 b was announced in 2007, but has not been confirmed.
First known extrasolar planet orbiting a main sequence star (Sun-like) 51 Pegasi b 51 Pegasi 1995 First hot Jupiter.[41]
First known planet orbiting a red dwarf Gliese 876 b Gliese 876 1998 [49][50]
First "free-floating" planet discovered[NB 1] S Ori 68 — 2000 ~5 MJupiter[42] Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation.[43]

S Ori J053810.1-023626 (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.[44][45]

First known planet orbiting a giant star γ Cephei Ab Gamma Cephei A 2002 Iota Draconis b / Hypatia was published in the very same month (September 2002) Gamma Cephei Ab / Tadmor was announced to be confirmed after initial discovery in 1988. While it is timewise a tie, the most recent mass estimate of 16.4 +9.3
−4.0 MJ for Iota Draconis b, being likely above the deuterium burning limit, makes the 6.6 +2.3
−2.8 MJ Gamma Cephei Ab more likely to be the first one.
First known planet orbiting a brown dwarf. 2M1207 b 2M1207 2004 May in fact be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. First directly imaged planet.
First known planet orbiting an ABO star (blue-white star) Fomalhaut b Fomalhaut 2008 First extrasolar planet discovered by visible light image. In 2020 this object was determined to be an expanding debris cloud from a collision of asteroids rather than a planet.[9]
First confirmed planet orbiting only a white dwarf. WD 0806−661 B WD 0806−661 2011

By planet type

[edit]
Firsts by planet type
Planet type Planet Star Year Notes
First super-Earth discovered[NB 2] PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C 		PSR B1257+12 1992 First planets discovered.[41]
First hot Jupiter 51 Pegasi b 51 Pegasi 1995 First planet discovered orbiting a main sequence star.
First evaporating planet discovered HD 209458 b HD 209458 1999 First transiting planet.[41]
First "free-floating" planet discovered[NB 1] S Ori 68 — 2000 ~5 MJupiter[42] Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation.[43]

S Ori J053810.1-023626 (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.[44][45]

First extrasolar terrestrial planet orbiting a main sequence star 55 Cancri e 55 Cancri 2004 Mu Arae c (discovered in 2004) has been proposed to be a terrestrial planet, but its terrestrial nature is not confirmed, as no radius measurements are available so the density is unknown. The minimum mass is comparable to that of Uranus, which is not a terrestrial planet. The first extrasolar planet found to have a density compatible with being a rocky planet is CoRoT-7b in 2009. 55 Cancri e was found to be a terrestrial planet in 2011.
First super-Earth orbiting a main sequence star[NB 2] Gliese 876 d Gliese 876 2005 Orbits a red dwarf star.
First icy extrasolar planet orbiting a main sequence star OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb OGLE-2005-BLG-390L 2006 Orbits a red dwarf star. The icy nature of this planet is not confirmed, as no radius measurements are available so the density is unknown. The first extrasolar planet known to have a density compatible with being an icy planet is GJ 1214 b, though even for this case there are other possibilities for the composition.
First ocean planet candidate; also first small planet within the circumstellar habitable zone Gliese 581d Gliese 581 2007 Orbits a red dwarf star. This planet orbits a little too far from the star, but the greenhouse effect would be enough to make this planet habitable. The other ocean planet candidate, GJ 1214 b, was detected by transit in which the density was calculated and determined that this planet is an ocean planet. Now disputed.[51][52]
First Jupiter analogue HIP 11915 b HIP 11915 2015 The discovery raises the possibility that HIP 11915 will be the first Solar System analogue discovered.

Other

[edit]
Other firsts
Record Planet Star Year Notes
First map of an extrasolar planet released HD 189733 b HD 189733 2007 The map in question is a thermal emission map.[53]
First multi-planet extrasolar system directly imaged HR 8799 b
HR 8799 c
HR 8799 d
HR 8799 e 		HR 8799 2008
First planet discovered with a retrograde orbit WASP-17b WASP-17 2009 The planet HAT-P-7b was discovered before WASP-17b, but its retrograde nature was announced after that of WASP-17b.
First planet discovered orbiting a Sun-like star in a star cluster Pr0201b
Pr0211b 		Pr0201
Pr0211 		2012 Beehive Cluster star cluster.[54]
First recorded planet-planet transit Kepler-89d
Kepler-89e 		Kepler-89 2012 Kepler-89e was found to partially transit Kepler-89d.[55]
First extrasolar planet with serious potential to support life Kepler-62f Kepler-62 2013 Kepler-62f was the first definite near-Earth-sized planet discovered within its star's habitable zone.[56][57] The dubious planet candidate Gliese 581g was discovered in 2010. This planet may be tidally locked to its parent star, but there could be a habitable band along the terminator.
First transiting planet discovered in a star cluster Kepler-66b
Kepler-67b 		Kepler-66
Kepler-67 		2013 NGC 6811 star cluster; these two planets were, at the time of discovery, only two of six total planets known in star clusters.[58]
First map of cloud coverage of an extrasolar planet Kepler-7b Kepler-7 2013 Observations indicate cloud coverage in the west and clear skies in the east.[59]
First not tidally locked extrasolar planet to have its day length measured Beta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris 2014 Rotation speed was calculated to be 8.1 hours.[60]
First planet found to contain water in the stratosphere WASP-121b WASP-121 2017 [61][62]
First extrasolar planet system with one radial velocity and one directly imaged planet Beta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris c Beta Pictoris 2019 [63]
First Earth-mass rogue planet unbounded by any star, and free floating in the Milky Way galaxy. OGLE-2016-BLG-1928 — 2020 Detected by microlensing techniques.[64][65]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Free-floating objects are not usually considered planets
  2. ^ a b The mass range of Super-Earths is disputed

References

[edit]
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