Majar (Golden Horde)
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Majar or Macar /məˈdʒɑːr/ was a medieval city of Golden Horde in 13th-14th centuries. It once played a major role in the trade between Idel-Ural, Caucasus and the Black Sea region. In 1310–1311 the city minted its own money. In 1395 it was sacked by troops of Timur.
The ruins of buildings and also public baths, water pipes and workshops, and other remains of the city are situated on the river Kuma near Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai, Russia.[1]
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Its name comes from the Magyar autonym of the Hungarians.[2]
The town was visited by Ibn Battuta in around 1332: "I then set out for the city of al-Māchar, a large town, one of the finest of the cities of the Turks, on a great river, and possessed of gardens and fruits in abundance."[3]
An unknown Khazar city may have been located there, dating back to the 2nd century CE, and some historians think that this was the capital of the lost Eastern Hungarian Medieval Kingdom which is mentioned north to the Alans in a papal bull in 1329, and in some Byzantine text that talks about the Hungarian migration.
References
[edit]- ^ "Маҗар". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
- ^ Bendefy, László (1999). A magyarság kaukázusi őshazája [The Caucasian homeland of the Hungarians] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Cserépfalvi kiadása. p. 18.
- ^ Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1962). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2). London: Hakluyt Society. p. 479.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help); Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1854). Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 2) (in French and Arabic). Paris: Société Asiatic. p. 375.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)
Further reading
[edit]- Howorth, Henry H. (1880). History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th (Part 2 Division 1). London: Longmans & Green. pp. 187–193.
- Yule, Henry, trans. and ed. (1903). The Book of Ser Marco Polo: The Venetian concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the east, Volume 2 (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 491.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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