Ranks and insignia of NATO

A NATO standard grade scale is used by the NATO and its partners for the purpose of comparing military ranks across the member nations militaries, as well as for a number of administrative tasks.

NATO maintains a "standard rank scale" which is also known as a "standardized reference system" in an attempt to standardize NATO codes of rank for military personnel and indicated correspondence with nations ranks. NATO's standardized reference system is intended to be used "by nations when preparing personnel tables, requisitions, reports and returns destined for NATO nations, organizations and commands."^[1]

The NATO rank reference code categories were established in 1978 in STANAG 2116 (formally titled NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel). The current- 7th - edition^[a] is just the cover, and the core of the standard is in set out in "NATO Codes For Grades Of Military Personnel" (APersP-01).^[2]

The NATO codes assigned for each grade are based on the agreed corresponding army grades with the naval and air forces grades determined from them by "national regulations".^[3]

OF-1 – OF-10 (lowest rank code to highest) are used for commissioned officers:^[3]

• OF-10 – OF-6: General officers
• OF-5 – OF-3: Senior officers
• OF-2 – OF-1: Junior officers

OR-1–OR-9 (lowest rank code to highest) are used for other ranks (enlisted ranks and non-commissioned officers (NCO)):^[3]

• OR-5 – OR-9: Non-commissioned officers
• OR-1 – OR-4: other ranks/enlisted ranks

For NATO purposes, NCOs are ranked OR-5 to OR-9.^[3] However, national rank structures might differentiate from this.

In the U.S. armed forces warrant officer is a separate and distinct category of officers. This officer rank and precedence is below those of officer personnel, but above that of non-officer personnel, and has a special group of codes (W-1 – W-5).^[4] In the Commonwealth tradition (for NATO the British Armed Forces and Canadian Armed Forces) warrant officers are the highest other ranks.^[5]

In the British Armed Forces senior non-commissioned officers are in OR-5 to OR-7 and junior non-commissioned officers (eg corporals) are in OR-3 and OR-4.^[6] In the U.S. military OR-5 and above are non-commissioned officers for the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force but in the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy (both parts of the Department of the Navy), OR-4 and above are non-commissioned officers.^[7]

The numbers in the system broadly correspond to the U.S. uniformed services pay grades, with OR-x replacing E-x. The main difference is in the commissioned officer ranks, where the US system recognises two ranks at OF-1 level (O-1 and O-2), meaning that all O-x numbers after O-1 are one point higher on the US scale than they are on the NATO scale (e.g. a major is OF-3 on the NATO scale and O-4 on the US scale).

Appendix B of the APP-06 (related to STANAG 2019) standard lists 11 formation/unit groups (13 in US Armed Forces) and identifies the command level of seven of them:^[8]

This is a general NATO practice, which does not prevent individual branches of the armed forces, for example, the British Army,^[9] the U.S. Army^[10] and the U.S. Marine Corps,^[11] from having their own approaches to the positions held by certain officers and NCOs.

In 2010, Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation produced NATO NCO Bi-SC Strategy and Recommended NCO Guidelines.^[12] The current Bi-SC joint document (19 December 2023) Directive 040-002 "NATO Non-Commissioned Officer and Junior Officer Bi-Strategic Command Employment and Development Strategy", describes the NATO rank indicators for NCOs:^[13]

• OR-1 — OR-3: "These are the basic entry ranks into the military structure."
• OR-4: "The first level of leadership within the NATO NCO ranks."
• OR-5: "The OR-5 is the first NATO designated NCO grade and the level of leadership with the greatest impact on subordinate ranks."
• OR-6: "This is the first grade at which OR should be considered for Staff NCO duties at NATO higher headquarters employment. As such some NATO nations may recognize OR-6 through OR-9 as Senior NCOs (SNCO) or Warrant Officers (WO)."
• OR-7: "The OR-7 is empowered and considered a key element within the command structure. At this level, SNCOs are expected to be able to provide sound advice to their leadership. While no formal mandate exists, this is the level at which, when consistent with their national authorities, SNCOs start to provide mentorship/assistance for Junior Officers (OF-1/OF-2)."
• OR-8: "Uses enhanced leadership skills and broad operational experience to advise unit/element leaders and commanders on organizational effectiveness. OR-8s are expected to merge subordinates talents, skills, and resources with other NATO cross functional team(s) and organization(s) to implement planning and management processes for collective mission accomplishment."
• OR-9: "The most experienced SNCO within the NATO NCO structure. This grade is normally utilized in an advisory capacity when assigned to a higher headquarters."

Specific roles:^[14]

• Staff NCO: "When assigned to the NATO Command Structure (NCS), the Staff NCO performs technical duties and project or portfolio management based upon their education, training, and experience. Based on the depth of their tactical experience, Staff NCO should participate in relevant working groups across the higher headquarters or NATO organisations".
• Senior Enlisted Leader: "While traditionally an ancillary duty, this individual serves as an advisor to the senior staff directorate or element leadership".
• Command Senior Enlisted Leader (CSEL): "The CSEL, at the pinnacle of the NCO Ranks, serves on the Command Team as an advisor to the commander and the staff element leadership".

Based on the intentions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine to join NATO, NATO codes for military ranks have been officially introduced in these countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted a corresponding law in 2005.^[15] In Ukraine, the introduction of NATO codes for military ranks took place in two stages. Firstly in 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) amended the structure of military ranks^[16] which was followed in January 2021, by the Minister of Defense of Ukraine approving the compliance of military ranks with NATO codes by order^[17] though the order had a confidential status.^[d]

Some European NATO partners such as Austria^[18] and Ireland^[19][20] describe their ranks in terms of NATO rank codes for comparison with NATO forces. Finland also had a conversion table to NATO standards prior to becoming a NATO member.^[21]

General officer grades are usually defined by the number of stars they ‘wear’. In the first version of the STANAG, OF-6 to OF-10 were described as "to be used for one to five star ranks or equivalents respectively". Some countries don't use star insignia for their general ranks.^[22]

• Ranks and insignia of NATO member army officers
• Ranks and insignia of NATO member army enlisted
• Ranks and insignia of NATO member air force officers
• Ranks and insignia of NATO member air force enlisted
• Ranks and insignia of NATO member navy officers
• Ranks and insignia of NATO member navy enlisted

• Air officer
• Comparative military ranks
• Flag officer

• "NATO Standard APP-06, NATO Joint Military Symbology (current ed./ver.)". nso.nato.int. STANAG 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
• "NATO Standard APersP-01, NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel (current ed./ver.)". nso.nato.int. STANAG 2116. Retrieved 2024-06-30.