Paracompact uniform honeycombs

Example paracompact regular honeycombs

{3,3,6}	{6,3,3}	{4,3,6}	{6,3,4}
{5,3,6}	{6,3,5}	{6,3,6}	{3,6,3}
{4,4,3}	{3,4,4}	{4,4,4}

In geometry, uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space are tessellations of convex uniform polyhedron cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are 23 Coxeter group families of paracompact uniform honeycombs, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by ring permutations of the Coxeter diagrams for each family. These families can produce uniform honeycombs with infinite or unbounded facets or vertex figure, including ideal vertices at infinity, similar to the hyperbolic uniform tilings in 2-dimensions.

Regular paracompact honeycombs[edit]

Of the uniform paracompact H³ honeycombs, 11 are regular, meaning that their group of symmetries acts transitively on their flags. These have Schläfli symbol {3,3,6}, {6,3,3}, {3,4,4}, {4,4,3}, {3,6,3}, {4,3,6}, {6,3,4}, {4,4,4}, {5,3,6}, {6,3,5}, and {6,3,6}, and are shown below. Four have finite Ideal polyhedral cells: {3,3,6}, {4,3,6}, {3,4,4}, and {5,3,6}.

11 paracompact regular honeycombs
{6,3,3}	{6,3,4}	{6,3,5}	{6,3,6}	{4,4,3}	{4,4,4}
{3,3,6}	{4,3,6}	{5,3,6}	{3,6,3}	{3,4,4}

Name	Schläfli Symbol {p,q,r}	Coxeter	Cell type {p,q}	Face type {p}	Edge figure {r}	Vertex figure {q,r}	Dual	Coxeter group
Order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb	{3,3,6}		{3,3}	{3}	{6}	{3,6}	{6,3,3}	[6,3,3]
Hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,3}		{6,3}	{6}	{3}	{3,3}	{3,3,6}
Order-4 octahedral honeycomb	{3,4,4}		{3,4}	{3}	{4}	{4,4}	{4,4,3}	[4,4,3]
Square tiling honeycomb	{4,4,3}		{4,4}	{4}	{3}	{4,3}	{3,4,4}
Triangular tiling honeycomb	{3,6,3}		{3,6}	{3}	{3}	{6,3}	Self-dual	[3,6,3]
Order-6 cubic honeycomb	{4,3,6}		{4,3}	{4}	{4}	{3,6}	{6,3,4}	[6,3,4]
Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,4}		{6,3}	{6}	{4}	{3,4}	{4,3,6}
Order-4 square tiling honeycomb	{4,4,4}		{4,4}	{4}	{4}	{4,4}	Self-dual	[4,4,4]
Order-6 dodecahedral honeycomb	{5,3,6}		{5,3}	{5}	{5}	{3,6}	{6,3,5}	[6,3,5]
Order-5 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,5}		{6,3}	{6}	{5}	{3,5}	{5,3,6}
Order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb	{6,3,6}		{6,3}	{6}	{6}	{3,6}	Self-dual	[6,3,6]

Coxeter groups of paracompact uniform honeycombs[edit]

These graphs show subgroup relations of paracompact hyperbolic Coxeter groups. Order 2 subgroups represent bisecting a Goursat tetrahedron with a plane of mirror symmetry.

This is a complete enumeration of the 151 unique Wythoffian paracompact uniform honeycombs generated from tetrahedral fundamental domains (rank 4 paracompact coxeter groups). The honeycombs are indexed here for cross-referencing duplicate forms, with brackets around the nonprimary constructions.

The alternations are listed, but are either repeats or don't generate uniform solutions. Single-hole alternations represent a mirror removal operation. If an end-node is removed, another simplex (tetrahedral) family is generated. If a hole has two branches, a Vinberg polytope is generated, although only Vinberg polytope with mirror symmetry are related to the simplex groups, and their uniform honeycombs have not been systematically explored. These nonsimplectic (pyramidal) Coxeter groups are not enumerated on this page, except as special cases of half groups of the tetrahedral ones. Six uniform honeycombs that arise here as alternations have been numbered 152 to 157, after the 151 Wythoffian forms not requiring alternation for their construction.

Tetrahedral hyperbolic paracompact group summary

Coxeter group		Simplex volume	Commutator subgroup	Unique honeycomb count
[6,3,3]		0.0422892336	[1+,6,(3,3)+] = [3,3[3]]+	15
[4,4,3]		0.0763304662	[1+,4,1+,4,3+]	15
[3,3[3]]		0.0845784672	[3,3[3]]+	4
[6,3,4]		0.1057230840	[1+,6,3+,4,1+] = [3[]x[]]+	15
[3,41,1]		0.1526609324	[3+,41+,1+]	4
[3,6,3]		0.1691569344	[3+,6,3+]	8
[6,3,5]		0.1715016613	[1+,6,(3,5)+] = [5,3[3]]+	15
[6,31,1]		0.2114461680	[1+,6,(31,1)+] = [3[]x[]]+	4
[4,3[3]]		0.2114461680	[1+,4,3[3]]+ = [3[]x[]]+	4
[4,4,4]		0.2289913985	[4+,4+,4+]+	6
[6,3,6]		0.2537354016	[1+,6,3+,6,1+] = [3[3,3]]+	8
[(4,4,3,3)]		0.3053218647	[(4,1+,4,(3,3)+)]	4
[5,3[3]]		0.3430033226	[5,3[3]]+	4
[(6,3,3,3)]		0.3641071004	[(6,3,3,3)]+	9
[3[]x[]]		0.4228923360	[3[]x[]]+	1
[41,1,1]		0.4579827971	[1+,41+,1+,1+]	0
[6,3[3]]		0.5074708032	[1+,6,3[3]] = [3[3,3]]+	2
[(6,3,4,3)]		0.5258402692	[(6,3+,4,3+)]	9
[(4,4,4,3)]		0.5562821156	[(4,1+,4,1+,4,3+)]	9
[(6,3,5,3)]		0.6729858045	[(6,3,5,3)]+	9
[(6,3,6,3)]		0.8457846720	[(6,3+,6,3+)]	5
[(4,4,4,4)]		0.9159655942	[(4+,4+,4+,4+)]	1
[3[3,3]]		1.014916064	[3[3,3]]+	0

The complete list of nonsimplectic (non-tetrahedral) paracompact Coxeter groups was published by P. Tumarkin in 2003.^[1] The smallest paracompact form in H³ can be represented by or , or [∞,3,3,∞] which can be constructed by a mirror removal of paracompact hyperbolic group [3,4,4] as [3,4,1⁺,4] : = . The doubled fundamental domain changes from a tetrahedron into a quadrilateral pyramid. Another pyramid is or , constructed as [4,4,1⁺,4] = [∞,4,4,∞] : = .

Removing a mirror from some of the cyclic hyperbolic Coxeter graphs become bow-tie graphs: [(3,3,4,1⁺,4)] = [((3,∞,3)),((3,∞,3))] or , [(3,4,4,1⁺,4)] = [((4,∞,3)),((3,∞,4))] or , [(4,4,4,1⁺,4)] = [((4,∞,4)),((4,∞,4))] or . = , = , = .

Another nonsimplectic half groups is ↔ .

A radical nonsimplectic subgroup is ↔ , which can be doubled into a triangular prism domain as ↔ .

Linear graphs[edit]

[6,3,3] family[edit]

#	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram: Schläfli symbol	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)				Vertex figure	Picture
		1	2	3	4
1	hexagonal {6,3,3}	-	-	-	(4) (6.6.6)	Tetrahedron
2	rectified hexagonal t1{6,3,3} or r{6,3,3}	(2) (3.3.3)	-	-	(3) (3.6.3.6)	Triangular prism
3	rectified order-6 tetrahedral t1{3,3,6} or r{3,3,6}	(6) (3.3.3.3)	-	-	(2) (3.3.3.3.3.3)	Hexagonal prism
4	order-6 tetrahedral {3,3,6}	(∞) (3.3.3)	-	-	-	Triangular tiling
5	truncated hexagonal t0,1{6,3,3} or t{6,3,3}	(1) (3.3.3)	-	-	(3) (3.12.12)	Triangular pyramid
6	cantellated hexagonal t0,2{6,3,3} or rr{6,3,3}	(1) 3.3.3.3	(2) (4.4.3)	-	(2) (3.4.6.4)
7	runcinated hexagonal t0,3{6,3,3}	(1) (3.3.3)	(3) (4.4.3)	(3) (4.4.6)	(1) (6.6.6)
8	cantellated order-6 tetrahedral t0,2{3,3,6} or rr{3,3,6}	(1) (3.4.3.4)	-	(2) (4.4.6)	(2) (3.6.3.6)
9	bitruncated hexagonal t1,2{6,3,3} or 2t{6,3,3}	(2) (3.6.6)	-	-	(2) (6.6.6)
10	truncated order-6 tetrahedral t0,1{3,3,6} or t{3,3,6}	(6) (3.6.6)	-	-	(1) (3.3.3.3.3.3)
11	cantitruncated hexagonal t0,1,2{6,3,3} or tr{6,3,3}	(1) (3.6.6)	(1) (4.4.3)	-	(2) (4.6.12)
12	runcitruncated hexagonal t0,1,3{6,3,3}	(1) (3.4.3.4)	(2) (4.4.3)	(1) (4.4.12)	(1) (3.12.12)
13	runcitruncated order-6 tetrahedral t0,1,3{3,3,6}	(1) (3.6.6)	(1) (4.4.6)	(2) (4.4.6)	(1) (3.4.6.4)
14	cantitruncated order-6 tetrahedral t0,1,2{3,3,6} or tr{3,3,6}	(2) (4.6.6)	-	(1) (4.4.6)	(1) (6.6.6)
15	omnitruncated hexagonal t0,1,2,3{6,3,3}	(1) (4.6.6)	(1) (4.4.6)	(1) (4.4.12)	(1) (4.6.12)

Alternated forms

#	Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram: Schläfli symbol	Cells by location (and count around each vertex)					Vertex figure	Picture
		1	2	3	4	Alt
[137]	alternated hexagonal ( ↔ ) =	-	-		(4) (3.3.3.3.3.3)	(4) (3.3.3)	(3.6.6)
[138]	cantic hexagonal ↔	(1) (3.3.3.3)	-		(2) (3.6.3.6)	(2) (3.6.6)
[139]	runcic hexagonal ↔	(1) (4.4.4)	(1) (4.4.3)		(1) (3.3.3.3.3.3)	(3) (3.4.3.4)
[140]	runcicantic hexagonal ↔	(1) (3.6.6)	(1) (4.4.3)		(1) (3.6.3.6)	(2) (4.6.6)
Nonuniform	snub rectified order-6 tetrahedral ↔ sr{3,3,6}					Irr. (3.3.3)
Nonuniform	cantic snub order-6 tetrahedral sr3{3,3,6}
Nonuniform	omnisnub order-6 tetrahedral ht0,1,2,3{6,3,3}					Irr. (3.3.3)

[6,3,4] family[edit]

There are 15 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: [6,3,4] or

#	Name of honeycomb Coxeter diagram Schläfli symbol	Cells by location and count per vertex				Vertex figure	Picture
		0	1	2	3
16	(Regular) order-4 hexagonal {6,3,4}	-	-	-	(8) (6.6.6)	(3.3.3.3)
17	rectified order-4 hexagonal t1{6,3,4} or r{6,3,4}	(2) (3.3.3.3)	-	-	(4) (3.6.3.6)	(4.4.4)
18	rectified order-6 cubic t1{4,3,6} or r{4,3,6}	(6) (3.4.3.4)	-	-	(2) (3.3.3.3.3.3)	(6.4.4)
19	order-6 cubic {4,3,6}	(20) (4.4.4)	-	-	-	(3.3.3.3.3.3)
20	truncated order-4 hexagonal t0,1{6,3,4} or t{6,3,4}	(1) (3.3.3.3)	-	-	(4) (3.12.12)
21	bitruncated order-6 cubic t1,2{6,3,4} or 2t{6,3,4}	(2) (4.6.6)	-	-	(2) (6.6.6)
22	truncated order-6 cubic t0,1{4,3,6} or t{4,3,6}	(6) (3.8.8)	-	-	(1) (3.3.3.3.3.3)
23	cantellated order-4 hexagonal t0,2{6,3,4} or rr{6,3,4}	(1) (3.4.3.4)	(2) (4.4.4)	-	(2) (3.4.6.4)
24	cantellated order-6 cubic t0,2{4,3,6} or rr{4,3,6}	(2) (3.4.4.4)	-	(2) (4.4.6)	(1) (3.6.3.6)
25	runcinated order-6 cubic t0,3{6,3,4}	(1) (4.4.4)	(3) (4.4.4)	(3) (4.4.6)	(1) (6.6.6)
26	cantitruncated order-4 hexagonal t0,1,2{6,3,4} or tr{6,3,4}	(1) (4.6.6)	(1) (4.4.4)	-	(2) (4.6.12)
27	cantitruncated order-6 cubic t0,1,2{4,3,6} or tr{4,3,6}	(2) (4.6.8)	-	(1) (4.4.6)	(1) (6.6.6)
28	runcitruncated order-4 hexagonal t0,1,3{6,3,4}	(1) (3.4.4.4)	(1) (4.4.4)	(2) (4.4.12)	(1) (3.12.12)
29	runcitruncated order-6 cubic t0,1,3{4,3,6}	(1) (3.8.8)	(2) (4.4.8)	(1) (4.4.6)	(1) (3.4.6.4)
30	omnitruncated order-6 cubic t0,1,2,3{6,3,4}	(1) (4.6.8)	(1) (4.4.8)	(1) (4.4.12)	(1) (4.6.12)

Alternated forms

#	Name of honeycomb Coxeter diagram Schläfli symbol	Cells by location and count per vertex					Vertex figure	Picture
		0	1	2	3	Alt
[87]	alternated order-6 cubic ↔ h{4,3,6}	(3.3.3)				(3.3.3.3.3.3)	(3.6.3.6)
[88]	cantic order-6 cubic ↔ h2{4,3,6}	(2) (3.6.6)	-	-	(1) (3.6.3.6)	(2) (6.6.6)
[89]	runcic order-6 cubic ↔ h3{4,3,6}	(1) (3.3.3)	-	-	(1) (6.6.6)	(3) (3.4.6.4)
[90]	runcicantic order-6 cubic ↔ h2,3{4,3,6}	(1) (3.6.6)	-	-	(1) (3.12.12)	(2) (4.6.12)
[141]	alternated order-4 hexagonal ↔ ↔ h{6,3,4}	-	-		(3.3.3.3.3.3)	(3.3.3.3)	(4.6.6)
[142]	cantic order-4 hexagonal ↔ ↔ h1{6,3,4}	(1) (3.4.3.4)	-		(2) (3.6.3.6)	(2) (4.6.6)
[143]	runcic order-4 hexagonal ↔ h3{6,3,4}	(1) (4.4.4)	(1) (4.4.3)		(1) (3.3.3.3.3.3)	(3) (3.4.4.4)
[144]	runcicantic order-4 hexagonal ↔ h2,3{6,3,4}	(1) (3.8.8)	(1) (4.4.3)		(1) (3.6.3.6)	(2) (4.6.8)
[151]	quarter order-4 hexagonal ↔ q{6,3,4}	(3)	(1)	-	(1)	(3)
Nonuniform	bisnub order-6 cubic ↔ 2s{4,3,6}	(3.3.3.3.3)	-	-	(3.3.3.3.3.3)	+(3.3.3)
Nonuniform	runcic bisnub order-6 cubic
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