Protestantism in Canada

Protestantism in Canada
Cathedral Church of St. James, Toronto
Orientation	Christianity
Polity	Various
Region	Canada
Members	29.2% of Canadians (8,654,850 as of 2001)[1]

Protestantism in Canada has existed as a major faith in Canada ever since parts of northern Canada were colonized by the English. As of 2001, 29.2% of Canadians identified as Protestant.^[1] According to a study by Pew Researchers published in 2013, 27% of Canadians are Protestant. Based on 2011 estimates, Protestant faiths collectively form the third largest religious group in Canada after the largest, Roman Catholicism, and the second largest group, those with no religious affiliation.^[2]

In the early 1600s, the French were the first European nation to establish permanent colonies in Canada, calling the areas they colonized New France.^[3] The French attempted to set up these colonies in a way that established the Roman Catholic Church as the foundation of colonial society and gave the Roman Catholic Church a monopoly on religion, with only French-born Roman Catholics being allowed to immigrate to New France after 1627 .^[4] The majority of French were Roman Catholic, but there were smaller populations of Protestants and Jews in New France. These non-Catholics who were barred from public worship, public office, and most professions.^[4] But the French aspiration to make Roman Catholicism the foundation of society in New France was never fully realized. With the British conquest of Canada during the French and Indian War and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which officially recognized the transition of control over France's Canadian territories to the British Empire, the British began to focus on Protestant expansion in the region.^[4]

There had been prior efforts to introduce Protestantism to the areas of Canada under British control in the years leading up to British control of Canada being officially awarded in the Treaty of Paris. The first large communities of Protestants established by the British were in the Maritimes. Due to prior French control, this territory was inhabited by native populations and French Roman Catholics. The British could not convince British Protestants to immigrate to this area, but the British were intent on introducing Protestantism to counterbalance French Roman Catholic influence, incentivizing French and German Protestants to move to the territory. Thousands moved to Nova Scotia and were known as the Foreign Protestants.^[5] The British sought to expand Protestant faith throughout the territory through missionary conversions of native populations and the immigration of Protestants to Canada, favoring the British Church of England and initially suppressing the Roman Catholic Church .^[4] Recognizing the majority-Catholic nature of the former French colonies and hoping to prevent Catholic and Protestant conflict, the Treaty of Paris included an acceptance of Roman Catholicism under British rule as Catholicism is a Christian faith.^[6] Following the American Revolution, there was a large influx of United Empire Loyalist Protestants from the United States into Canada. Immigrants from many different Protestant faiths came to Canada, introducing these various Protestant faiths to the religious landscape and further preventing the establishment of the Church of England as Canada's official religion. This ambition was wholly abandoned by the mid-1800s, with Christian religious pluralism fully acknowledged and accepted, though Canada was still considered a Christian society.^[5] An 1871 census shows that at one point, the majority of Canadians were some form of Protestant, with 56.45% of the population identifying as belonging to a Protestant Faith.^[7] There was eventually an influx of Roman Catholic and other non-Protestant Christian immigrants to Canada, and Roman Catholicism eventually eclipsed Protestantism as the religious group with the most adherents in 1961. Roman Catholics have remained the largest religious group in Canada since 1961 and Protestant membership is declining.^[8] Religion has played a large role in Canadian public life and politics, and secularization in Canada was a long process. Though it began long before then, the 1960s saw the dramatic secularization of Canadian institutions, such as education. Canada detached their institutions from religion as part of an effort to modernize these institutions.^[4]

The secularization of Canadian society marks a significant institutional and social departure from European-controlled Canadian society, as Canada has transitioned into a post-colonial society, they have attempted to detach from those religious institutional links established by the British Empire. However, while the Protestant faith has particularly declined since secularization, Evangelical Protestantism has grown more popular in Canada.^[4] Canada's largest Protestant branch, the United Church of Canada, underwent dramatic liberalization during the 1960s, abandoning evangelical tendencies and creating a gap in the religious market, which may have benefited Evangelical denominations in terms of gaining followers, particularly in more socially conservative areas of the country that are resistant to the modernization and liberalization that has accompanied Canadian Independence and secularization.^[9] There has also been an increase in the numbers of those with no religious affiliation and those belonging to a non-Protestant or Catholic faith.^{[citation needed]} While Protestantism was once the faith of the majority in Canada, the Protestant share of the population has declined by over half of what it was around 150 years ago.^[8]

The United Church of Canada is the largest Protestant group in Canada, with 2011 estimates suggesting the membership of just over 2 million.^[2] Officially formed in 1925, the United Church of Canada is the amalgamation of almost all of Canada's Congregationalists and Methodists and most of Canada's Presbyterians, and many Christian independents.^[10] The United Church of Canada is a mainline Protestant faith, though its founding denominations were evangelical. The church has since gone through efforts to increase inclusivity and liberalization beginning in the 1960s, with declining membership also beginning in the 1960s.^[10] Despite declining membership, the United Church of Canada remains the largest Protestant branch and the second-largest Christian branch behind Roman Catholicism, with the church still an influential force in Canada.

Originally named the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada traces its origins to the Church of England and the British colonization of Canada.^[11] Following the British occupation of formerly French territories, the British began introducing Protestantism to Canada, largely through their own Church of England. The modern Anglican Church of Canada is independent from the Church of England and is one of 45 churches in the worldwide Anglican Communion. With 2011 estimates suggesting membership of over 1.6 million members in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada is Canada's second-largest Protestant faith and third largest Christian faith.^[2]

• Catholicism in Canada
• Religion in Canada

• Estrelda Y. Alexander, ed. (2018). The Dictionary of Pan-African Pentecostalism. Volume One: North America. Eugene, Or: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-4982-8477-6.
• Peter Bush (Sept 1987). "The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West, 1851–1856," Ontario History, Vol. 79, Issue 3, pp. 231–250.
• Mark A. Noll (1992). A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids, Mi: Eerdmans Publ.
• John G. Stackhouse Jr. (1998). Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character. Regent College Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57383-131-4.