Rhein-class monitor

Sketch of Rhein (left) and Mosel steaming up the Rhine
Class overview
Builders	AG Weser, Bremen
Operators	Imperial German Navy
Built	1872–1874
In service	1874–1875
Completed	2
Retired	2
General characteristics
Class and type	River monitor
Displacement	283 t (279 long tons; 312 short tons)
Length	49.6 m (162 ft 9 in)
Beam	7.85 m (25 ft 9 in)
Draft	1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Installed power	Two locomotive boilers 48 nph
Propulsion	2 × single-cylinder steam engines 2 × screw propellers
Speed	8.25 knots (15.28 km/h; 9.49 mph)
Complement	1 officer 22 men
Armament	2 × 12 cm (4.7 in) muzzle-loading bronze cannons
Armor	Casemate: 65 mm (2.6 in) Turret: 55 mm (2.2 in)

The Rhein class of ironclad riverine monitors (Flußkanonenboote) were a pair of ships built by the German Imperial Navy in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War. The class comprised two ships, Rhein and Mosel; both were built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, in 1872–1874. They were armed with a pair of 12 cm (4.7 in) bronze cannon in a revolving gun turret. The ships were intended to protect the German border with France in the event of a conflict, but had short service lives, as war did not come. They served briefly in the defenses of Coblenz, starting in 1875, before being withdrawn from service. The two ships were sold for scrap, apparently in December 1884.

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Imperial German Navy decided that it needed to build river gunboats for service on the Rhine and Moselle to defend the German border. This decision came despite the Navy having seen the French Navy's negative experiences with similar gunboats during the war. The German Navy decided that two armored gunboats were necessary, and awarded the contract to AG Weser to design and build the vessels. The design staff based their work on a pair of Austro-Hungarian monitors, Leitha and Maros, that had been recently built for service on the Danube.^[1]

Rhein and Mosel were 47.85 meters (157 ft) long at the waterline and 49.60 m (162 ft 9 in) long overall, and had a beam of 7.85 m (25 ft 9 in). At cruising load, the monitors had a forward draft of 0.70 m (2 ft 4 in), an aft draft of 1.07 m (3 ft 6 in), and a maximum draft of 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in). Freeboard was 0.60 m (2 ft) forward and 0.75 m (2 ft 6 in) aft. The ships were designed to partially flood for combat, which would submerge the hull so only the upper casemate and gun turret would be above water. This reduced the freeboard to 0.05 m (2 in) and 0.20 m (7.9 in), respectively. The ships had a designed displacement of 200 metric tons (200 long tons; 220 short tons), and at full load they displaced 283 t (279 long tons; 312 short tons). The hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames. The ships had a crew of one officer and twenty-two enlisted men, and both carried a single boat.^[2]

The ships were powered by two horizontal 2-cylinder single-expansion marine steam engines; these drove a pair of 3-bladed screw propellers 0.95 m (3 ft 1 in) in diameter. The engines were placed in a single engine room. Two locomotive boilers with two fireboxes apiece supplied steam to the engines; they were located in a separate boiler room and vented through a single funnel. The engines were rated at 320 indicated horsepower (240 kW) and a top speed of 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph). In service, they were capable of 48 nominal horsepower and 8.25 knots (15.28 km/h; 9.49 mph). The ships maneuvered slowly and turned poorly, especially steaming downstream. They did not handle well upstream either, particularly in turning against the current. Handling while the ships were flooded for combat was especially dangerous.^[2]

The ships were each armed with a pair of 12-centimeter (4.7 in) L/19 bronze cannon manufactured by Krupp;^[2][3] they were rifled, muzzle-loading guns, mounted in a single revolving gun turret placed on an armored casemate amidships.^[4] The guns fired a 36-pound shot,^[5] and were supplied with 300 rounds of ammunition. The ships were protected with a combination of wrought iron armor and teak. The turret sides were armored with 55 millimeters (2.2 in) of iron, backed with 150 to 200 mm (5.9 to 7.9 in) of teak; the roofs were 65 mm (2.6 in) thick. The conning tower had 40 mm (1.6 in) thick sides and a 16 mm (0.63 in) thick roof. The casemate was protected with 65 mm of armor plate on the sides.^[2] The casemade armor was also backed by 15–20 cm of wood planking.^[6]

The intention for Rhein and Mosel was to use them to defend the railway bridges on the Rhine in the event of a French war of revenge soon after the Franco-Prussian War in the early 1870s.^[4] The ships were both built at the AG Weser dockyard in Bremen, under construction numbers 23 and 24, respectively. The Rhine Railway Company was compelled to contribute 300,000 Thalers to the construction of the ships, as they were intended to defend the railway bridges the company used at Rheinhausen. Both ships were laid down in 1872 and launched later that year; they were both commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 25 April 1874. They spent the first year of their career at Rheinhausen, and in April 1875 both vessels embarked on a test cruise to Strassburg. On 7 April, when they were transferred to the defenses of Coblenz.^[2][7] Later that month, both vessels made a test voyage to Strassburg and then they returned north to Mainz.^[6]

By the time the two monitors entered service, the prospect of a French attack had decreased, prompting the Navy to question the usefulness of retaining the vessels. As a result, they were quickly removed from service. The ultimate fate of the two ships is unclear; according to naval historian Erich Gröner, both ships were sold for 3,500 gold marks in December 1875.^[2] Hugh Lyon, however, states that the ships remained, out of service, until 1884, when they were sold for scrapping.^[4] The latter version would appear to be correct, as J.F. von Kronenfels published an elevation and deck plan of Rhein in 1881, with the inference that Rhein and Mosel were still extant at that time.^[8]

• Brassey, Thomas (2010). The British Navy: Its Strength, Resources, and Administration. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02465-5.
• Dislère, Paul (1877). Die Panzerschiffe der neuesten Zeit. Pola: Druck und Commissionsverlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn. OCLC 25770827.
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
• Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. OCLC 310653560.
• "Küstenverteidigungs- und Fluss-Panzerschiffe" [Coastal Defense and River Armored Ships]. Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete des Seewesens (in German). 5. Pola: Druck und Commissions-Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn: 71–83. 1877.
• Lyon, Hugh (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
• von Kronenfels, J.F. (1881). Das Schwimmende Flottenmaterial der Seemächte. Vienna: A. Hartleben's Verlag.