Sagittal abdominal diameter
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Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) is a measure of visceral obesity, the amount of fat in the gut region. SAD is the distance from the small of the back to the upper abdomen. SAD may be measured when standing[1] or supine.[2] SAD may be measured at any point from the narrowest point between the last rib and the iliac crests to the midpoint of the iliac crests.[1][2][3]
SAD is a strong predictor of coronary disease, with higher values indicating increased risk independent of BMI.[1]
For persons of normal BMI, SAD should be under 25 centimetres (9.8 in). When this measure exceeds 30 centimetres (12 in) it correlates to increased cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance.[2] For men in their 40s, a SAD greater than 25 cm also predicts significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease 30 years later.[4] An article in Annals of Neurology links visceral fat to lower brain volume.[5]
Supine abdominal height (SAH)
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A related measurement is supine abdominal height (SAH), the abdominal height as measured in the supine position.[6] The SAH method is easier for self-monitoring, but gives slightly lower results due to gravity; the values are not directly comparable.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Iribarren, Carlos; Darbinian, Jeanne A.; Lo, Joan C.; Fireman, Bruce H.; Go, Alan S. (2006). "Value of the Sagittal Abdominal Diameter in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment: Cohort Study in a Large, Multiethnic Population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 164 (12): 1150–9. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj341. PMID 17041127.
- ^ a b c Petersson, Helena; Daryani, Achraf; Risérus, Ulf (2007). "Sagittal abdominal diameter as a marker of inflammation and insulin resistance among immigrant women from the Middle East and native Swedish women: a cross-sectional study". Cardiovascular Diabetology. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-6-10. PMC 1847804. PMID 17391519.
- ^ de Almeida Paula, HA; de Cássia Lanes Ribeiro, R; de Lima Rosado, LEFP; Abranches, MV; do Carmo Castro Franceschini, S (31 July 2012). "Relationship between waist circumference and supine abdominal height measured at different anatomical sites and cardiometabolic risk factors in older women". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 25 (6): 563–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01267.x. PMID 23173640.
- ^ Whitmer, R. A.; Gustafson, D. R.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Haan, M. N.; Gunderson, E. P.; Yaffe, K. (2008). "Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later". Neurology. 71 (14): 1057–64. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000306313.89165.ef. PMID 18367704. S2CID 23690423.
- ^ Debette, Stéphanie; Beiser, Alexa; Hoffmann, Udo; Decarli, Charles; O'Donnell, Christopher J.; Massaro, Joseph M.; Au, Rhoda; Himali, Jayandra J.; Wolf, Philip A.; Fox, Caroline S.; Seshadri, Sudha (2010). "Visceral fat is associated with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults". Annals of Neurology. 68 (2): 136–44. doi:10.1002/ana.22062. PMC 2933649. PMID 20695006.
- ^ Riserus, Ulf; Ärnlöv, Johan; Brismar, Kerstin; Zethelius, Björn; Berglund, Lars; Vessby, Bengt (2004). "Sagittal Abdominal Diameter Is a Strong Anthropometric Marker of Insulin Resistance and Hyperproinsulinemia in Obese Men". Diabetes Care. 27 (8): 2041–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.2041. PMID 15277437.