Sutomo

Sutomo
'Bung Tomo'
Minister of State for the Affairs of Former Indonesian Fighters
In office 12 August 1955 – 24 Maret 1956
President	Sukarno
Prime Minister	Burhanuddin Harahap
Succeeded by	Dahlan Ibrahim
Minister of Social Affairs (ad-interim)
In office 18 Januari 1956 – 24 Maret 1956
President	Sukarno
Prime Minister	Burhanuddin Harahap
Preceded by	Soedibjo
Succeeded by	Fatah Jasin
Personal details
Born	(1920-10-03)3 October 1920 Soerabaja,  Dutch East Indies
Died	7 October 1981(1981-10-07) (aged 61) Mount Arafat,  Saudi Arabia
Nationality	Indonesian
Political party	Gerakan Rakyat Baru (New People's Movement) Pemuda Republik Indonesia (Youth of Indonesian Republic)
Occupation	Journalist
Awards	National Hero of Indonesia
Military service
Allegiance	Indonesia
Rank	Front Leader
Commands	Indonesian People's Revolutionary Front
Battles/wars	Indonesian National Revolution Battle of Surabaya

Sutomo (3 October 1920 – 7 October 1981),^[1] also known as Bung Tomo (meaning Comrade or Brother Tomo), was an Indonesian revolutionary and military leader best known for his role in the Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch colonial rule. He played a central role in Battle of Surabaya, which was fought between British and Indonesian forces from October to November 1945.

Sutomo was born in Kampung Blauran in the centre of Surabaya to a clerk father, Kartawan Tjiptowidjojo, and mother, Subastia, of mixed Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese descent. He had received Dutch secondary education before the Japanese occupation.

Alongside menial jobs, he joined the Indonesian Scouting organisation and at the age of seventeen as the second Pramuka Garuda; a rank achieved by only three Indonesians before the Japanese occupation during World War II.

During the Japanese occupation period, Sutomo worked for the Dōmei Tsushin (the official news agency of the Empire of Japan) in Surabaya. He became famous for setting up Radio Pemberontakan (Resistance Radio), which promoted unity and fighting spirit among pemuda-pemuda Indonesia (Indonesian youth).

In 1944, Sutomo was chosen as a member of the Japanese-sponsored Gerakan Rakyat Baru (New People's Movement) and officer of Pemuda Republik Indonesia (Youth of Indonesian Republic).

On 12 October 1945, Sutomo founded and become a leader of Indonesian People's Revolutionary Front (Indonesian: Barisan Pemberontakan Rakyat Indonesia), abbreviated as BPRI, is an Indonesian militia, with its headquarters in Surabaya.^[2]: 42 BPRI was aimed at realizing and defending the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, they rallied the people's resistance against the Dutch who wanted to reign Indonesia after the Surrender of Japan in World War II.^[3]: 122

During the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) occupation, in the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution, in the Bersiap period, Sutomo encouraged atrocities against Indonesians of mixed European–Asian ancestry^[4][5] and personally supervised the summary executions of hundreds of civilians. Although there is no conclusive evidence that he personally supervised executions or orchestrated violence on a large scale. These are archived eye witness testimony of the events of 22 October 1945.^[6]

He played a central role when the battle broke out in Surabaya between Indonesian nationalists and British forces. Although the fighting ended in defeat for the Indonesians, the battle served to galvanise Indonesian and international opinion in support of the independence cause. Sutomo spurred thousands of Indonesians to action with his distinctive, emotional speaking-style of his radio broadcasts. His "clear, burning eyes, that penetrating, slightly nasal voice, or that hair-raising oratorical style that second only to Sukarno's in its emotional power".^[1]

10 November 1945, the peak of the Battle of Surabaya, was later known as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes’ Day), to commemorate and honor the struggles of heroes and fighters in defending Indonesian independence.

The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement of the war, and demonstrated the determination of the rag-tag nationalist forces; their sacrificial resistance became a symbol and rallying cry for the revolution. In November 1946, the last British forces left Indonesia.

In 1955, Sutomo become a minister of state in the Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet between August 1955 and March 1956, an appointment which pleased cabinet supporters because of his nationalist credentials.^[8] However, his relationship with President Sukarno had already begun to sour in 1952 after he offended the president by asking about the president's personal relationship with Hartini, a married woman who later became Sukarno's fourth wife.^[9][10] Sutomo would later sue Sukarno in 1960, due to the president's decision to dissolve the People's Representative Council.^[11][12]

After the 1956, Sutomo emerged again as a national figure during the 1965 turbulent period. Initially, he supported Suharto to replace the left-leaning Sukarno government, but later opposed aspects of the New Order regime.^[1]

On 11 April 1978, he was detained by the government for his outspoken criticism of corruption and abuses of power; upon his release three years later, however, Sutomo continued to loudly voice his criticisms. He said that he did not want to be buried in the Heroes' Cemetery because it was full of "fairweather heroes" who had lacked the courage to defend the nation at times of crisis, but when peace came appeared in public to glorify their achievements.^[13]

On 7 October 1981, he died in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, while on Hajj pilgrimage.^[1] Before his death, Sutomo managed to finish a draft of his own dissertation on the role of religion in village-level development. His family and friends had his body returned to Indonesia. Although his reputation and military rank gave him the right to be buried in the Heroes' Cemetery, he was laid to rest in public burial ground at Ngagel, Surabaya, East Java.

On 9 June 1947, Sutomo married Sulistina in Malang, East Java.^[7] He was known as a devoutly religious father of four who took religious knowledge seriously throughout his life.

• Battle of Surabaya
• Indonesian National Revolution
• History of Indonesia

• Feith, Herbert (2009) [1962], The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia, Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0
• Frederick, William H. (April 1982). "In Memoriam: Sutomo". Indonesia. 33. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program: 127–128.
• Soetomo, Sulistina (1995). Bung Tomo, Suamiku [Bung Tomo, My Husband] (in Indonesian). Pustaka Sinar Harapan. ISBN 978-979-416-313-9.