Tecovirimat

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Tecovirimat
Clinical data
Trade namesTpoxx
Other namesST-246
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • N-{3,5-Dioxo-4-azatetracyclo[5.3.2.02,6.08,10]dodec-11-en-4-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H15F3N2O3
Molar mass376.335 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • FC(F)(F)c1ccc(cc1)C(=O)NN1C(=O)C2C(C3C=CC2C2CC32)C1=O
  • InChI=1S/C19H15F3N2O3/c20-19(21,22)9-3-1-8(2-4-9)16(25)23-24-17(26)14-10-5-6-11(13-7-12(10)13)15(14)18(24)27/h1-6,10-15H,7H2,(H,23,25) checkY
  • Key:CSKDFZIMJXRJGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

Tecovirimat, sold under the brand name Tpoxx among others,[6] is an antiviral medication with activity against orthopoxviruses such as smallpox and mpox.[4][7][8] In 2018 it was the first antipoxviral drug approved in the United States.

The drug works by blocking cellular transmission of orthopoxviruses, thus preventing disease.[9]

Tecovirimat has been effective in laboratory testing; it has been shown to protect animals from mpox and rabbitpox and causes no serious side effects in humans.[6] Tecovirimat was first used for treatment in December 2018, after a laboratory-acquired vaccinia virus infection.[10]

As of 2014 two million doses of tecovirimat were stockpiled in the US Strategic National Stockpile should an orthopoxvirus-based bioterror attack occur.[11][12] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[13]

Medical uses

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In the United States, tecovirimat is indicated for the treatment of human smallpox disease.[4]

In the European Union it is indicated for the treatment of smallpox, mpox, and cowpox.[5] Tecovirimat can be taken by mouth and should be taken with a fatty meal.[14]

Mechanism of action

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Tecovirimat inhibits the function of orthopoxvirus VP37 envelope wrapping protein,[4] a major envelope protein required for the production of extracellular virus. The drug prevents the virus from leaving an infected cell, hindering the spread of the virus within the body.[15]

Antimicrobial resistance to tecovirimat was described in vitro in cowpox virus during treatment already in 2005, prior to licensure.[14] Since the global 2022–2023 mpox outbreak, resistance has been described with long treatment courses among severely immunocompromised persons, but also in people without prior treatment, suggesting human-to-human transmission.[14]

Chemistry

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The first synthesis of tecovirimat was published in a patent filed by scientists at SIGA Technologies in 2004. It is made in two steps from cycloheptatriene.[16]

A Diels–Alder reaction of cycloheptatriene with maleic anhydride forms the main ring system[17] and then in the second step a reaction with 4-trifluormethylbenzhydrazide gives the cyclic imide of the drug.[16][18]

History

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Originally researched by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the drug was owned by Viropharma and discovered in collaboration with scientists at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases.[citation needed] It is owned and manufactured by SIGA Technologies.[citation needed] SIGA and Viropharma were issued a patent for tecovirimat in 2012.[19]

Clinical trials

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As of 2009, the results of clinical trials supported its use against smallpox and other related orthopoxviruses. It showed potential for a variety of uses including preventive healthcare, as a post-exposure therapeutic, as a therapeutic, and an adjunct to vaccination.[20][failed verification]

As of 2008, it was permitted for phase II trials by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In phase I trials, tecovirimat was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events.[21] Due to its importance for biodefense, the FDA designated tecovirimat for fast-track status, creating a path for expedited FDA review and eventual regulatory approval. In July 2018, the FDA approved tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox.[22] the first antipoxviral drug approved in the United States.[23][24] In August 2022, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) began a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial on the safety and efficacy of tecovirimat for mpox, known as STOMP (Study of Tecovirimat for Human mpox Virus), aiming to enroll at least 500 participants with acute mpox infection.[25][26]

Society and culture

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In November 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency recommended to grant SIGA Technologies Netherlands B.V a marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for tecovirimat, intended to treat orthopoxvirus disease (smallpox, mpox, cowpox, and vaccinia complications) in adults and in children who weigh at least 13 kilograms (29 lb)[27] Tecovirimat was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2022.[5][28][29]

In December 2021, Health Canada approved oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox in people weighing at least 13 kilograms (29 lb).[1][30]

As of August 2022, Tpoxx was available in the US only through the Strategic National Stockpile as a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigational new drug.[31][32] As of 2022, intravenous Tpoxx had no lower weight cap and can be used in infants under the investigational new drug protocol.[33]

As of 2024, tecovirimat use in the US outside of a clinical trial should adhere to the CDC Investigational New Drug protocol in order to prevent mutations and to include surveillance to prevent spread of resistant virus.[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Notice: Multiple Additions to the Prescription Drug List (PDL) [2022-01-24]". Health Canada. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  2. ^ "New Medicines Approved in 2018". Health Canada. 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Tpoxx". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "Tpoxx- tecovirimat monohydrate capsule". DailyMed. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Tecovirimat SIGA EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  6. ^ a b McNeil Jr DG (13 July 2018). "Drug to Treat Smallpox Approved by F.D.A., a Move Against Bioterrorism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  7. ^ Nakoune E, Olliaro P (May 2022). "Waking up to monkeypox". BMJ. 377: o1321. doi:10.1136/bmj.o1321. PMID 35613732. S2CID 249047112.
  8. ^ Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, Snell LB, Wong W, Houlihan CF, et al. (May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): 1153–1162. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. PMC 9300470. PMID 35623380. S2CID 249057804.
  9. ^ Grosenbach DW, Honeychurch K, Rose EA, Chinsangaram J, Frimm A, Maiti B, et al. (July 2018). "Oral Tecovirimat for the Treatment of Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705688. PMC 6086581. PMID 29972742.
  10. ^ Whitehouse ER, Rao AK, Yu YC, Yu PA, Griffin M, Gorman S, et al. (October 2019). "Novel Treatment of a Vaccinia Virus Infection from an Occupational Needlestick - San Diego, California, 2019" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (42): 943–946. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6842a2. PMC 6812835. PMID 31647789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  11. ^ Damon IK, Damaso CR, McFadden G (May 2014). "Are we there yet? The smallpox research agenda using variola virus". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (5): e1004108. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004108. PMC 4006926. PMID 24789223.
  12. ^ Cunningham A (13 July 2018). "FDA approves the first smallpox treatment". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  13. ^ New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d Gigante, Crystal M. (2024). "Notes from the Field: Mpox Cluster Caused by Tecovirimat-Resistant Monkeypox Virus — Five States, October 2023–February 2024". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 73 (40): 903–905. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7340a3. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 11466377.
  15. ^ Yang G, Pevear DC, Davies MH, Collett MS, Bailey T, Rippen S, et al. (October 2005). "An orally bioavailable antipoxvirus compound (ST-246) inhibits extracellular virus formation and protects mice from lethal orthopoxvirus Challenge". Journal of Virology. 79 (20): 13139–13149. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005. PMC 1235851. PMID 16189015.
  16. ^ a b AU patent 2004249250, Bailey, Thomas R.; Jordan, Robert & Rippin, Susan R., "Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment and prevention of orthopoxvirus infections and associated diseases", published 2004-12-29, assigned to SIGA Pharmaceuticals Inc 
  17. ^ Ishitobi H, Tanida H, Tori K, Tsuji T (1971). "Re-examination of the Cycloaddition of Cycloheptatriene with Maleic Anhydride". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 44 (11): 2993–3000. doi:10.1246/bcsj.44.2993.
  18. ^ Hughes DL (2019). "Review of the Patent Literature: Synthesis and Final Forms of Antiviral Drugs Tecovirimat and Baloxavir Marboxil". Organic Process Research & Development. 23 (7): 1298–1307. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00144. S2CID 197172102.
  19. ^ U.S. patent 8,124,643
  20. ^ "SIGA Technologies". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  21. ^ Jordan R, Tien D, Bolken TC, Jones KF, Tyavanagimatt SR, Strasser J, et al. (May 2008). "Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of ST-246, a novel orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 52 (5): 1721–1727. doi:10.1128/AAC.01303-07. PMC 2346641. PMID 18316519.
  22. ^ Office of the Commissioner (24 March 2020). "Press Announcements - FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  23. ^ "FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  24. ^ "U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Siga Technologies' Tpoxx (tecovirimat) for the Treatment of Smallpox". SIGA (Press release). Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  25. ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (12 September 2022). "A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Tecovirimat for the Treatment of Human Monkeypox Virus Disease". SIGA Technologist. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  26. ^ "Trial Launching to Study Tecovirimat as Monkeypox Treatment". Contagion Live. 16 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  27. ^ "Tecovirimat SIGA: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  28. ^ "Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Tecovirimat SIGA Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  30. ^ "SIGA Announces Health Canada Regulatory Approval of Oral Tpoxx" (Press release). Siga Technologies. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  31. ^ "Information for Healthcare Providers on Obtaining and Using TPOXX (Tecovirimat) for Treatment of Monkeypox". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  32. ^ "Steps for Clinicians to Order Medication to Treat Monkeypox". Coca Now. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  33. ^ "Monkeypox Outbreak: Updates on the Epidemiology, Testing, Treatment, and Vaccination" (PDF). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
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