Theresienmesse

Theresienmesse
Mass by Joseph Haydn
Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies, for whom the mass is nicknamed
Key	B-flat major
Catalogue	Hob. XXII/12
Performed	8 September 1799 (1799-09-08): Eisenstadt
Vocal	SATB choir and soloists
Instrumental	orchestra

Theresienmesse (H. XXII/12) (also known in English as the " 'Maria Theresa' Mass")^[1] is a mass in B-flat major written by Joseph Haydn and named after Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies, empress consort of Francis II. The empress herself was the soprano soloist at private performances of both The Creation and The Seasons in May 1801 at the Viennese Court.^[2] The title does not appear on the autograph score, which is labeled simply with the Latin word "Missa".

Between 1796 and 1802, Haydn composed six masses to celebrate the name-day of Princess Maria Josepha Hermenegilde [de] (1768-1845), who was the wife of his patron Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy II. The Theresienmesse, written in 1799, belongs in this series. The work is thought to have been premiered on 8 September 1799.^[3] The location was the Bergkirche, near the Esterházy family seat in Eisenstadt, Austria.

The mass is scored for solo quartet, chorus, strings, two clarinets, two trumpets, timpani and organ continuo. Concerning the paucity of winds (no oboes, bassoons, horns, or flutes) John W. Ehrlich has written:^[3]

The drastic reduction of the wind choir ... is unusual. We are indebted to [Haydn scholar Carl Maria] Brand for an explanation: a shortage of wind players at Eisenstadt in 1798 and 1799. This is why the Nelsonmesse, in its original version, also lacks winds. But Haydn has turned this lack into a virtue, the ensemble in each case imparting to the work a unique aura or personality that sets it off from its neighbors: in the Nelsonmesse the hard, metallic, fiery brilliance of D trumpets and solo organ; in the Theresienmesse the mellow glow and at times darkish hues of the B-flat instruments.

While probably not as frequently performed as its companions the Nelson Mass or the Missa in tempore belli, the Theresienmesse has attracted critical admiration; Ehrlich for instance refers to it as an "extraordinary work."^[3] Another commentator writes, "Haydn's choral writing has all the variety, rhythmic energy and contrapuntal skill of a composer at the height of his powers."^[2]

The vocal parts of the mass are performed by four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a four-part choir. The soloists often appear as an ensemble, without arias. Haydn scored the mass for a large orchestra.

In the following table of the movements, the markings, keys and time signatures are taken from the choral score, using the symbols for common time and alla breve. The choir is present in all movements, except the Et incarnatus of the Credo.

No.	Part	Incipit	Solo voices	Marking	Key	Time
1	Kyrie		S A T B S A T B	Adagio Allegro Adagio	B-flat major
2	Gloria	Gloria in excelsis Deo		Allegro	B-flat major	3 4
		Gratias agimus tibi	S A T B	Moderato	C major C minor
		Quoniam tu solus Sanctus	S A T B	Vivace	B-flat major
3	Credo	Credo in unum Deum		Allegro	B-flat major
		Et incarnatus est	S A T B	Adagio	B-flat minor
		Et resurrexit	S A T B	Allegro	B-flat major
		Et vitam venturi saeculi	S A T B	Allegro	B-flat major	6 8
4	Sanctus	Sanctus Dominus	S A T B	Andante	B-flat major	3 4
		Pleni sunt coeli et terra		Allegro
5	Benedictus	Benedictus qui venit	S A T B	Moderato	G major
6	Agnus Dei	Agnus Dei		Adagio	G minor	3 4
		Dona nobis pacem	S A T B	Allegro	B-flat major

• Theresienmesse: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Free scores of Theresienmesse in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)