TriMet rolling stock

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Type 1 (Bombardier, left) and Type 2 (Siemens SD660, right) light rail cars at the Beaverton Transit Center, on the Blue Line and Red Line, respectively
Interior of TriMet's Elmonica maintenance facility (located next to Elmonica/SW 170th station), one of two vehicle maintenance complexes for the MAX system

The TriMet transit system, serving the Portland metropolitan area in Oregon, owns and operates two different rail transit systems: a light rail system known as MAX, and a commuter rail system known as WES. The fleet of 145 MAX electric light rail vehicles (LRVs) includes five different models, designated by TriMet as "Type 1" through "Type 6". All types are used on all of the MAX lines, but the Type 6 cars – which will gradually replace the Type 1 cars – are still being delivered and have not yet begun to enter service. The comparatively very small WES fleet includes three different types of diesel commuter rail cars.

Light rail fleet

[edit]
Rolling stock interiors
Type 1
Type 2
Type 5
Image Designation Car numbers Manufacturer Model First used No. of seats/overall capacity Quantity Notes
Type 1 101–126 Bombardier — 1986 76/166[1] 26

(retiring)

Units are slowly retiring from fleet. 106 was retired as a parts train. 102, 103, and 116 are in the original paint scheme and never overhauled. Most are in the new paint scheme.
Type 2 201–252 Siemens SD660 1997 64/166 52 Most LRVs are getting a new paint scheme wrap. 216 was wrecked and retired. 215, 231, and 241 were overhauled.
MAX train crossing Steel Bridge in 2009 – street view of SD660 LRVs Type 3 301–327 2003 64/166 27 Most LRVs are getting new paint scheme wraps. 315 was overhauled.
MAX Light Rail Car (Multnomah County, Oregon scenic images) (mulDA0008a) Type 4 401–422 S70 2009 68/172[2] 22 404, 408, 412, and 418 were repainted into the new paint scheme.
Type 5 LRVs laying over on the Blue Line in Hillsboro, May 2015 Type 5 521–538 S700[a] 2015 72/186[4] 18
Type 6 601–630 S700 — 62/168[5] 30[5][6] These units will run into service in late 2024 after final testing. First LRV, 601, was delivered December 2022.

Notes on capacities:

  • The capacities given are for a single car; a two-car train has double the capacity.
  • The Type 2 cars originally had 72 seats, but eight seats were later removed, to make space for bicycles.[7]
  • All of these capacity figures are based on "normal" loading conditions (defined as 4 standing passengers per square meter by industry standards[8]); under so-called "crush" loading conditions (6-8 standees per m2), all of these cars are capable of carrying many more passengers than stated here.

Type 1

[edit]
Interior of a Type 1 car in 1987, showing the original seat colors and the stop-request bell cords that were removed in 1994

The Type 1 cars were manufactured by a joint venture between Bombardier Corporation and La Brugeoise et Nivelles (BN; Bombardier would later acquire the company) and featured a raised floor with steps at the doors. TriMet had wanted to contract American firm Budd Corporation, but the company backed out at the last minute.[9] TriMet announced it would purchase an additional seven vehicles in August 1983,[10] but a budget shortfall forced the agency to withdraw this proposal the following November.[11] The cars were built, with some modifications for Portland, to a BN design that had previously been used – under license by Brazilian manufacturer Cobrasma(PT) – for 68 rail cars for Rio de Janeiro.[12][1] The electrical propulsion equipment was supplied by Brown, Boveri & Company.[13][14] Bombardier built the frames in Quebec, but its factory in Barre, Vermont, manufactured the majority of each car,[9] with 80 percent of the production and assembly taking place in Barre.[12] The first vehicle was completed at the factory in late 1983[1] and arrived in Portland in 1984.[15] The Type 1 cars are the only light rail cars in TriMet's fleet that lack regenerative braking capability.[16]

The Type 1 cars were delivered without air-conditioning, but it was added to all cars during a retrofit in 1997–98.[17][18] These cars were originally equipped with stop-request bell cords (as are commonly found on American transit buses), which passengers needed to pull to signal the operator that they wanted to get off at the next stop, similar to a typical bus or some streetcars. As ridership increased, the stop request feature was relegated to certain lighter used stations during periods of lighter traffic. Finally, in 1994, the bell cords were removed after TriMet adopted an operating practice of having MAX trains stop at every station at all times.[19] The bodies of the Type 1 vehicles include cutaway areas by each truck, for maintenance access. In 1995, TriMet began installing wheel skirts to cover these, to reduce noise, and said that these would be included on all LRVs purchased in the future.[20]

For their first 30 years (until 2016) the Type 1 cars had roll-type, printed destination signs. The Type 1 cars were the only MAX cars whose rollsigns were hand-cranked. Because of the time-consuming process to change the signs, only the sign on the exposed end of the car in a two-car train was changed to the correct destination. The side signs only listed the designated route color (such as "Blue Line") rather than a destination, and the sign on the coupled end of each car in a two-car train was left blank. A two-year program that began in October 2014[21] and was completed in September 2016 gradually replaced all of the rollsigns in the Type 1 cars (as well as those in the Types 2 and 3) with digital, LED-type destination signs.[22]

An overhauled Type 1 in the third TriMet paint scheme. Most Type 1 cars now look like this.

Starting in 2003, TriMet began a program to refurbish the bodies of the Type 1 cars, carried out by its own employees. Known as the Body Overhaul program,[23] it included extensive body renovation, replacement of all windows, repainting into the new paint scheme the agency adopted in 2002, and minor interior refurbishment, but not any work on the cars' mechanical or propulsion equipment.[24] The program proceeded at a slower pace than originally anticipated because of staffing issues,[25] with only two cars being worked on at a time, and each taking one to two years. By 2018, when only 23 of the 26 cars had been completed, TriMet had terminated the program because, by that time, the Type 1 fleet was only a few years away from retirement.[23] The last overhauled car, No. 112, returned to service in April 2018. The three cars that never received the body overhaul and repainting were Nos. 102, 103 and 116.[23]

In February 2018, TriMet announced its intention to purchase replacements for all 26 Type 1 cars.[26] In July 2019, TriMet did place such an order, for 26 new cars which it has designated Type 6 (see below).[27]

Retirement began in October 2023, when car 102, one of the three which was never refurbished, was retired following the delivery of the first several new Type 6 cars.[28]

Type 2

[edit]
A MAX train composed of one low-floor car and one high-floor car on the Portland Transit Mall in 2015
Example of a Type 3 car wrapped in the newest paint scheme

With the partial opening of Westside MAX in 1997, TriMet's "Type 2" light rail vehicles were introduced. The Siemens model SD660 (originally SD600, but retroactively redesignated SD660 in 1998[29]) have a low-floor design, a first for light rail vehicles in North America,[30][31] digital reader boards and a slightly more open floor plan. The floor is nearly level with the platforms, and small ramps called "bridge plates" extend (on request) from two of the four doors, enabling passengers in wheelchairs to roll on and off of the vehicle easily. These permitted the elimination of wheelchair lifts that had been located at every station and were time-consuming to use.[32] High-floor Type 1 cars are now always paired with a low-floor Type 2 or 3 car so that each train is wheelchair-accessible.

The first low-floor light rail vehicle was delivered in 1996[33] and first used in service on August 31, 1997.[32] The new vehicles also came equipped with air-conditioning, a feature originally lacking from the Type 1 vehicles.[30] The initial order of 39 Type 2 vehicles was expanded, in stages, to a total of 52 vehicles.[34]

Some of the later models of light rail vehicles had automatic passenger counters retrofitted; in these models, they are on the floor of the doorways.

In 2001–02, TriMet modified the interior of the Type 2 cars to add space for bicycles. Eight seats per vehicle were removed and replaced—in four places per car—with hooks from which a bicycle can be hung.[7] All later cars have been delivered from the manufacturer with these bike hooks already installed. In 2014–2016, the rollsign-type destination signs in these cars and the almost-identical Type 3 cars were gradually replaced with digital signs in a two-year conversion program.[22]

Type 3

[edit]
An extended doorway bridge plate, or wheelchair ramp, in a low-floor MAX car

The second series of Siemens SD660 cars, TriMet's "Type 3" MAX light rail vehicle, are outwardly identical to the Type 2 cars in design, the primary difference being various technical upgrades. Siemens installed an improved air-conditioning system, more ergonomic seats and automatic passenger counters using photoelectric sensors above the doorways. The Type 3 cars were the first to wear the transit agency's newer (2002-adopted) paint scheme. Purchased for the opening of the Yellow Line in May 2004, delivery of the Type 3 series began in February 2003, and the vehicles began to enter service in September 2003.[35]

Type 4

[edit]
"Type 4" MAX vehicle (Siemens S70) no. 418 in service on the Blue Line. This unit was the first Type 4 to be repainted into TriMet's current paint scheme.[36]

Twenty-two new Siemens S70 low-floor cars, designated Type 4, were purchased in conjunction with the I-205 and Portland Mall MAX projects. They feature a more streamlined design than previous models, have more seating and are lighter in weight and therefore more energy-efficient. They can only operate in pairs, since each car has just one operator's cab, at the "A" end (the "B" end has additional passenger seating). At about 95 feet (28.96 m) long, they are about three feet longer than Type 2 and Type 3 cars, which were 92 feet (28.04 m).[2] The Type 4 MAX cars began to enter service in August 2009.[37]

The Type 4 cars were the first to use LED-type destination signs. On the rollsign-type destination signs used—until 2016[22]—on the Type 1, 2 and 3 cars the designated route color (blue, green, red, or yellow) was shown as a colored background under white or black text, while in the LED signs the route color is indicated by a colored square at the left end of the display, and all text is orange lettering against a black background.[38] In October 2014, TriMet began a two-year program to gradually replace all rollsigns in its MAX fleet with LED signs, affecting a total of 105 cars (and four signs per car).[21] The conversion program was completed in September 2016 (with the last use of a rollsign in service being on August 19).[22]

Type 5

[edit]

The second series of Siemens S70 cars,[a] TriMet's "Type 5" MAX vehicle, were purchased in conjunction with the Portland–Milwaukie (MAX Orange Line) project, but are used on all lines in the system. These vehicles include some improvements over the Type 4 cars, including a less-cramped interior seating layout[39] and improvements to the air-conditioning system and wheelchair ramps.[4] TriMet placed the order for the Type 5 cars with Siemens in April 2012 and they began to be delivered in September 2014. The first two cars entered service on April 27, 2015,[40] and all but the last two had entered service by the time the Orange Line opened in September 2015.[41] The fleet numbers for the Type 5 cars are 521–538[42] (at the time the first cars were built, fleet numbers 511–514 were in use for the Vintage Trolley cars). In 2020, Siemens retroactively rebranded TriMet's Type 5 cars as model S700 instead of S70.[3]

Type 6

[edit]

Ordered in 2019 as replacements for the Type 1 cars, TriMet's Type 6 are Siemens model S700[27] (the S700 is a 2019 redesignation by Siemens of the version of its S70 model that resulted from a 2013 redesign of the center truck, of which TriMet's Type 5 cars were the first built by Siemens).[43] The initial order, finalized in July 2019, was for 26 cars, but the contract includes options for additional cars, for service expansion and the proposed Southwest Corridor MAX line, if built.[43][44] Although identical to the Type 5 cars in most respects, the Type 6 has several new additions, including operating cabs at both ends,[44] improved next-station displays, and extra LEDs to indicate usable doors.[45] Type 6 cars also feature a new paint scheme that TriMet introduced on its bus fleet in early 2019: overall blue with orange stripes.[44] The first car was expected to arrive around spring 2022 and the last of the initial 26 in mid-2023.[46] The order was increased to 30 cars in June 2021.[6] Car 601 arrived at Ruby Junction Yard in December 2022,[47] followed by 604 in March 2023.[48] All Type 6 cars will go under a 1500-mile "burn-in" testing on the system (the first two cars to undergo this testing, nos. 603 and 605, will be tested for 5,000 miles) before entering service, which as of June 2024 was forecast for summer 2024.[49]

A Type 6 car was first shown to the public at a "Sneak Peek" event held on October 15, 2023, at the SE Park Ave MAX station.[50]

Ice-cutting pantographs

[edit]
Ice-cutting pantograph of a Type 1 LRV in use (on the left) alongside the regular pantograph

After a January 2004 Portland-area snow and ice storm that shut down the entire two-line MAX system for a day and a half,[51] TriMet decided to install second, ice-cutting pantographs on some Type 1 light rail vehicles,[23] which it would run (empty) all night under certain weather conditions, to prevent ice from building up on the overhead lines.[52] Unlike the regular pantographs, these "ice cutters" do not draw power from the overhead wire, but instead are fitted with a head designed to scrape ice off of the wire.[23][52] Six cars (Nos. 107–112) were equipped in 2006, and a seventh (113) in early 2018.[23] In early 2019, TriMet installed ice-cutting pantographs on all 18 of its Type 5 cars.[53] On the Type 5 cars, the ice-cutting pantographs are located near the outer end of each car, near the operating cab.[53] The 26 Type 6 cars that were ordered in 2019 and are in the process of being delivered in 2023–2024 are also equipped with second pantographs for ice cutting.[44]

Mid-life overhaul of Type 2/Type 3 cars

[edit]

In March 2019, after a competitive bidding process, TriMet signed an $88.3-million contract with Siemens Mobility to carry out a heavy "mid-life overhaul" of all 79 of its Siemens SD660 LRVs (52 TriMet Type 2 and 27 TriMet Type 3), over a period of seven years, to extend their lives.[54][55] The contract covered options for potential additional work, to be approved or declined by TriMet at its discretion, which would increase the total value to $105.6 million if all options are chosen.[54][56] The work is taking place at one of two large Siemens plants in the Sacramento metropolitan area.[57] (Siemens was also the manufacturer of these LRVs.) However, amid the COVID-19 pandemic and supply-chain disruptions, the work has proceeded more slowly than originally expected, and as of December 2023 only two LRVs had returned from Sacramento after being overhauled and only two other cars had been sent to Sacramento for the overhaul[58] (the latter being cars 231 and 241 in summer 2022).[59]

One car of each type was chosen to be a prototype for the work, because the work on the Type 2 vehicles, which are older, will be slightly more extensive.[57] Cars 315 and 215 were sent to Siemens in April and September 2019, respectively. The 77 subsequent overhauls were originally planned to be carried out in the Portland metropolitan area, at former United Streetcar facilities owned by Oregon Iron Works, but those plans were later dropped, and all 79 overhauls are to be carried out at Siemens's own facilities in Sacramento.[55][57] The first overhauled LRV, car 315, returned to TriMet in December 2019[57] and, after extensive testing and evaluation, returned to service in July 2021.[60] Car 215, the second (and first Type 2) to be overhauled, did not return from Sacramento until October 2023, the work having been delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors.[58][61] The work includes repainting into TriMet's 2019-introduced paint scheme of blue with orange stripes, and car 315 was the first MAX car of any series to receive that livery.[62] However, with the overhaul program years behind schedule, TriMet decided to speed up the application of the newer paint scheme via a temporary vinyl "wrap" given to Type 2 and Type 3 LRVs starting in March 2024.[63]

Commuter rail fleet

[edit]
Main article: WES Commuter Rail
A DMU/cab car set

The commuter rail line between Beaverton and Wilsonville is operated primarily with trains made up from a fleet of four Colorado Railcar Aero diesel multiple unit (DMU) railcars. Of these, three are self-propelled and the fourth is an unpowered trailer car with operating cab. TriMet also owns four Budd RDC DMU railcars, of which two have entered service and are used as a backup.

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b TriMet's "Type 5" cars were model S70 when purchased and placed in service, but in 2020 were retroactively redesignated as model S700 by Siemens.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "'Roomy, good-looking' light-rail cars please Tri-Met official". The Sunday Oregonian. November 27, 1983. p. B5.
  2. ^ a b "MAX: The Next Generation". TriMet. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Siemens rebadges North American low-floor cars". Tramways & Urban Transit. No. 993. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. September 2020. p. 336. ISSN 1460-8324.
  4. ^ a b "PMLR Type 5 LRV Fact Sheet" (PDF). TriMet. March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Meet the New MAX". trimet.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  6. ^ a b "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. August 2021. p. 350. ISSN 1460-8324.
  7. ^ a b Stewart, Bill (August 20, 2001). "MAX will add racks for bikes, not bags". The Oregonian.
  8. ^ "Glossary section, Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 2nd Edition (TCRP Report 100)" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. October 2003. page "8–9" ("car weight designations"). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Federman, Stan (September 12, 1982). "Banfield officials cite foreign expertise in light-rail contracts". The Oregonian. p. B7.
  10. ^ "Tri-Met plans more cars; $1.5 million savings to be spent". The Oregonian. August 11, 1983. p. B8.
  11. ^ Federman, Stan (November 4, 1983). "Tri-Met abandons plans to buy more rail cars". The Oregonian. p. C6.
  12. ^ a b Fletcher, K. P. (May 1985). "Bombardier builds for Portland". Modern Tramway and Light Rail Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association. p. 150. ISSN 0144-1655.
  13. ^ Bushell, Chris; Stonham, Peter, eds. (1988). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 1988. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 275. ISBN 0-7106-0854-3.
  14. ^ Wilkins, Van (1994). "Light Rail Vehicles Now Operating or on Order in North America—1994". 1994 Light Rail Annual & User's Guide. Pasadena, CA: Pentrex. p. 47. ISSN 0160-6913.
  15. ^ "First car for light rail delivered". The Oregonian. April 11, 1984. p. C4.
  16. ^ "One Breakpoint is Enough: Traction Power Simulation in Portland" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. November 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  17. ^ "Systems News". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association. November 1998. p. 436. ISSN 1460-8324.
  18. ^ Hamilton, Don (June 25, 1998). "Tri-Met gets ready, set for Westside MAX start-up". The Oregonian. Metro West Neighbors section, pp. 1, 7.
  19. ^ "World News [regular news section]". Light Rail and Modern Tramway. Ian Allan Publishing. December 1994. p. 331. ISSN 0964-9255.
  20. ^ "World News Review [regular news section]". Light Rail and Modern Tramway. Ian Allan Publishing. December 1995. p. 424. ISSN 0964-9255.
  21. ^ a b Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, March 2015, p. 121. UK: LRTA Publishing.
  22. ^ a b c d Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, November 2016, p. 440. UK: LRTA Publishing.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Portland plans to order up to 66 new LRVs – and to refurbish 79 more". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. October 2018. p. 364. ISSN 1460-8324.
  24. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. July 2009. p. 270. ISSN 1460-8324.
  25. ^ "Systems News [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. February 2006. p. 68. ISSN 1460-8324.
  26. ^ Becker, Tim (February 13, 2018). "TriMet adding 26 new light rail vehicles to replace oldest in the fleet". TriMet News. TriMet. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  27. ^ a b "Siemens to supply S700 light rail vehicles to Portland". Metro Report International. UK: DVV Media Group. July 31, 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  28. ^ "Thanks for your service, Light Rail Vehicle 102". TriMet. October 19, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-19 – via X (formerly Twitter).
  29. ^ "Systems News". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association. October 1998. p. 397. ISSN 1460-8324.
  30. ^ a b Oliver, Gordon (April 15, 1993). "Tri-Met prepares to purchase 37 low-floor light-rail cars". The Oregonian, p. D4.
  31. ^ Vantuono, William C. (July 1993). "Tri-Met goes low-floor: Portland's Tri-Met has broken new ground with a procurement of low-floor light rail vehicles. The cars will be North America's first low-floor LRVs". Railway Age. pp. 49–51. ISSN 0033-8826.
  32. ^ a b O'Keefe, Mark (September 1, 1997). "New MAX cars smooth the way for wheelchairs". The Oregonian. p. B12.
  33. ^ Oliver, Gordon (August 1, 1996). "MAX takes keys to cool new model". The Oregonian. p. D1.
  34. ^ Oliver, Gordon (September 26, 1997). "Tri-Met expands light-rail car order". The Oregonian. p. B6.
  35. ^ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, November 2003, p. 428. UK: Ian Allan Publishing/Light Rail Transit Association.
  36. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. October 2023. p. 402. ISSN 1460-8324.
  37. ^ Redden, Jim (August 6, 2009). "TriMet puts new light-rail cars on track". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  38. ^ Morgan, Steve (2010). "Expansion for Portland's MAX: New routes and equipment". Passenger Train Journal. 33 (1 – First quarter 2010). White River Productions, Inc.: 38–40.
  39. ^ Rose, Joseph (July 31, 2012). "TriMet asks cramped MAX riders to help design next-generation train's seating". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  40. ^ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, July 2015, p. 289. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  41. ^ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, November 2015, p. 450. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  42. ^ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, June 2012, p. 235. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  43. ^ a b "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. October 2019. p. 394. ISSN 1460-8324.
  44. ^ a b c d Morgan, Steve (2020). "For Portland's MAX: New Cars, New Paint Scheme and More Ice-Cutting Pantographs". Passenger Train Journal. Vol. 44, no. 1 – First quarter 2020. White River Productions, Inc. p. 53. ISSN 0160-6913.
  45. ^ "Meet the New MAX". trimet.org. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  46. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. June 2021. p. 252. ISSN 1460-8324.
  47. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. February 2023. p. 73. ISSN 1460-8324.
  48. ^ "Our second 'Type 6' light rail vehicle arrived on Friday!". TriMet. March 13, 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-18 – via Instagram.
  49. ^ Graf, Tyler (June 5, 2024). "TriMet's newest trains need room to test this June along the MAX Red Line". TriMet. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  50. ^ Graf, Tyler (October 2, 2023). "Meet the sixth-generation MAX at TriMet's October 15 preview event". TriMet News. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  51. ^ "Systems News [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Ian Allan Publishing. March 2004. p. 107. ISSN 1460-8324.
  52. ^ a b Lum, Brian (December 21, 2018). "How Transit Works in Snow and Ice". TriMet. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  53. ^ a b "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. April 2019. p. 153. ISSN 1460-8324.
  54. ^ a b "Resolution 19-02-13 of TriMet, authorizing a contract with Siemens Mobility, for Type 2/3 SD660 Light Rail Vehicle (LRV) fleet mid-life overhaul services" (PDF). TriMet. February 27, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  55. ^ a b "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. May 2019. p. 194. ISSN 1460-8324.
  56. ^ Corselli, Andrew (June 3, 2019). "TriMet taps Siemens for $80M mid-life overhaul". Railway Age. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  57. ^ a b c d "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. February 2020. p. 74. ISSN 1460-8324.
  58. ^ a b McKinney, Kevin (February 2024). "Rush Hour [transit news section]". Passenger Train Journal. Vol. 48, no. 1 – First quarter 2024. White River Productions, Inc. p. 66. ISSN 0160-6913.
  59. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. December 2022. p. 481. ISSN 1460-8324.
  60. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. September 2021. p. 390. ISSN 1460-8324.
  61. ^ "Siemens delivery heralds Portland LRV changes". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. December 2023. p. 452. ISSN 1460-8324.
  62. ^ "Systems Factfile No. 163: Portland, USA". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. June 2021. pp. 240–247. ISSN 1460-8324.
  63. ^ "Worldwide Review [regular news section]". Tramways & Urban Transit. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. June 2024. p. 234. ISSN 1460-8324.
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