Wagstaff prime
From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Named after | Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. |
---|---|
Publication year | 1989[1] |
Author of publication | Bateman, P. T., Selfridge, J. L., Wagstaff Jr., S. S. |
No. of known terms | 44 |
First terms | 3, 11, 43, 683 |
Largest known term | (2138937+1)/3 |
OEIS index |
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In number theory, a Wagstaff prime is a prime number of the form
where p is an odd prime. Wagstaff primes are named after the mathematician Samuel S. Wagstaff Jr.; the prime pages credit François Morain for naming them in a lecture at the Eurocrypt 1990 conference. Wagstaff primes appear in the New Mersenne conjecture and have applications in cryptography.
Examples
[edit]The first three Wagstaff primes are 3, 11, and 43 because
Known Wagstaff primes
[edit]The first few Wagstaff primes are:
- 3, 11, 43, 683, 2731, 43691, 174763, 2796203, 715827883, 2932031007403, 768614336404564651, ... (sequence A000979 in the OEIS)
Exponents which produce Wagstaff primes or probable primes are:
- 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 31, 43, 61, 79, 101, 127, 167, 191, 199, 313, 347, 701, 1709, 2617, 3539, 5807, ... (sequence A000978 in the OEIS)
Generalizations
[edit]It is natural to consider[2] more generally numbers of the form
where the base . Since for odd we have
these numbers are called "Wagstaff numbers base ", and sometimes considered[3] a case of the repunit numbers with negative base .
For some specific values of , all (with a possible exception for very small ) are composite because of an "algebraic" factorization. Specifically, if has the form of a perfect power with odd exponent (like 8, 27, 32, 64, 125, 128, 216, 243, 343, 512, 729, 1000, etc. (sequence A070265 in the OEIS)), then the fact that , with odd, is divisible by shows that is divisible by in these special cases. Another case is , with k a positive integer (like 4, 64, 324, 1024, 2500, 5184, etc. (sequence A141046 in the OEIS)), where we have the aurifeuillean factorization.
However, when does not admit an algebraic factorization, it is conjectured that an infinite number of values make prime, notice all are odd primes.
For , the primes themselves have the following appearance: 9091, 909091, 909090909090909091, 909090909090909090909090909091, … (sequence A097209 in the OEIS), and these ns are: 5, 7, 19, 31, 53, 67, 293, 641, 2137, 3011, 268207, ... (sequence A001562 in the OEIS).
See Repunit#Repunit primes for the list of the generalized Wagstaff primes base . (Generalized Wagstaff primes base are generalized repunit primes base with odd )
The least primes p such that is prime are (starts with n = 2, 0 if no such p exists)
- 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 0, 3, 5, 5, 5, 3, 7, 3, 3, 7, 3, 17, 5, 3, 3, 11, 7, 3, 11, 0, 3, 7, 139, 109, 0, 5, 3, 11, 31, 5, 5, 3, 53, 17, 3, 5, 7, 103, 7, 5, 5, 7, 1153, 3, 7, 21943, 7, 3, 37, 53, 3, 17, 3, 7, 11, 3, 0, 19, 7, 3, 757, 11, 3, 5, 3, ... (sequence A084742 in the OEIS)
The least bases b such that is prime are (starts with n = 2)
- 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 2, 16, 61, 2, 6, 10, 6, 2, 5, 46, 18, 2, 49, 16, 70, 2, 5, 6, 12, 92, 2, 48, 89, 30, 16, 147, 19, 19, 2, 16, 11, 289, 2, 12, 52, 2, 66, 9, 22, 5, 489, 69, 137, 16, 36, 96, 76, 117, 26, 3, ... (sequence A103795 in the OEIS)
References
[edit]- ^ Bateman, P. T.; Selfridge, J. L.; Wagstaff, Jr., S. S. (1989). "The New Mersenne Conjecture". American Mathematical Monthly. 96: 125–128. doi:10.2307/2323195. JSTOR 2323195.
- ^ Dubner, H. and Granlund, T.: Primes of the Form (bn + 1)/(b + 1), Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 3 (2000)
- ^ Repunit, Wolfram MathWorld (Eric W. Weisstein)
External links
[edit]- John Renze and Eric W. Weisstein. "Wagstaff prime". MathWorld.
- Chris Caldwell, The Top Twenty: Wagstaff at The Prime Pages.
- Renaud Lifchitz, "An efficient probable prime test for numbers of the form (2p + 1)/3".
- Tony Reix, "Three conjectures about primality testing for Mersenne, Wagstaff and Fermat numbers based on cycles of the Digraph under x2 − 2 modulo a prime".
- List of repunits in base -50 to 50
- List of Wagstaff primes base 2 to 160