Photoplayer

The photoplayer is an automatic mechanical orchestra used by movie theatres to produce photoplay music to accompany silent films.

The central instruments in a photo player were a piano and percussion; some machines also added pipe organs and methods for manually creating sound effects. Like a player piano, the photo player played music automatically by reading piano rolls (rolls of paper with perforations), but the photo player could hold two rolls: one that would play while the other was prepared. Common sound effects included gunshots, bells and drums, which were generated by pulling chains called "cow-tails". Some photo players feature electric sound effects, such as sirens, automobile horns, and other oddities. A photo player operator had to load the paper rolls, start the machine and add the manual sound effects and percussion using the cow-tails.^[1]

Approximately 8,000 to 10,000 photoplayers were produced during the boom era of silent films, between 1910 and 1928.^[2] Around a dozen manufacturers produced the instruments, including the American Photo Player Company, which made the Fotoplayer; the Operators Piano Company of Chicago, which made the Reproduco; The Bartola Musical Instrument Company of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, maker of the Bartola; Seeburg; and Wurlitzer.^[1] The popularity of the photoplayer sharply declined in the mid-1920s as silent films were replaced by sound films, and few machines still exist today.^[1]

• Theatre organs: played by an organist, they could produce a wider range of sound and were popular in larger theatres
• American Fotoplayer, a type of photoplayer by the American Photo Player Co.

• Glenwood Vaudeville Revue Wurlitzer
• Joe Rinaudo playing the American Fotoplayer on "California's Gold with Huell Howser"
• Silent Cinema Society - American Fotoplayer
• American Treasure Tour Museum - Seeburg "R" Fhotoplayer