佩科特人
| 佩科特人 Pequots | |
|---|---|
 佩科特博物館展出的马尚图克特佩科特戰士 | |
| 總人口 | |
| 1620年：16,000 (大約)[1] 1637年：3,000 (大約) | |
| 分佈地區 | |
| 东佩科特部落國，灯籠山，北斯托寧頓，康涅狄格州：1,130人 马尚图克特佩科特部落或西佩科特人，萊德亞德：350人 | |
| 語言 | |
| 歷史上採用佩科特語，莫西干-佩科特语的方言之一 (一種阿尔冈昆語)，現在採用英文 | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 美洲原住民宗教、基督教 "姊妹"民族: |
佩科特人（英語：Pequot，/ˈpiːkwɒt/）[2]是康涅狄格州的美洲原住民。现代佩科特人是联邦承认的马尚图克特佩科特部落、康涅狄格州其他四个獲国家承认的集团和威斯康星州布拉澤敦印第安人的成员。[3]他们在历史上使用佩科特語，莫西干-佩科特语的方言之一，在20世纪初期已經消亡，尽管有一些正在开展的复兴努力。
佩科特人和莫西干人（英語：Mohegan）以前是同一集团，但在17世纪，正當佩科特人在康涅狄格州控制更多地盤，莫西干人分離了。与新英格蘭殖民地之間憋着的紧张局势导致了1634年-1638年佩科特战争，大大削减了佩科特人的人口和影响力；许多成员被杀害、奴役、或者流散。少数佩科特人仍然留在康涅狄格州，分別於1666年和1683年在马尚图克特和波卡塔克河獲得保護區；其餘的人就与其他部落居住在其他區域。18世纪，一些佩科特基督徒加入了其他几个团体的成员，形成布拉澤敦印第安人。他们在19世纪迁往纽约州西部並在后来迁往威斯康星州。[4]
马尚图克特佩科特部落成立于1975年，並于1983年得到了联邦承認以解决土地聲索。1986年，他们建立了福克斯伍兹赌场度假村，美国最成功的美洲原住民赌场之一。[5]波卡塔克河佩科特人形成了东佩科特部落國，这獲康涅狄格州承认但不獲联邦承认。除此之外，佩科特人的后裔加入了联邦政府认可的，康涅狄格州的莫西干部落、薩蒂福克部落國和金山Paugussett印第安國，以及在威斯康星州獲有限度承认的布拉澤敦印第安人。[3]
历史
[编辑]词源
[编辑]「佩科特」是一个阿尔冈昆語词語，语言专家對其含义存在争议。相当多的学者支持佩科特人的論述，說这个名字来自「Pequttôog」，意思是「破壞者」或「沼泽之人」。弗兰克·斯佩克是二十世纪早期领先的莫西干-佩科特语专家，而他认为另一個詞更合理，指「浅水」，因為已知佩科特领土是沿着長島海灣海岸线的。[6][7]
一眾历史学家在爭论佩科特人是否在大约公元1500年从上哈德遜河谷迁向康涅狄格的中部和东部。佩科特人迁到康乃狄克河谷的理论可以追溯到威廉·哈伯德大人（William Hubbard），他於1677年聲稱佩科特人在普利茅斯殖民地建立之前，已經入侵了该区域一段时間，而不是起源于该区域。在菲利普國王戰爭之后，哈伯德在他的著作《Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England》详述其中一些新英格蘭的部落對英格蘭人作出残暴的反應。哈伯德所描述的佩科特人为當地的「外來者」；不是从另一个海岸來的侵略者，而是「來自内陆」的人「用武力奪得鄰海一个適意的地方，并成为他们所有邻居的惡夢。」[8]
许多现有的考古、语言學和书面证据可以表明，佩科特人不是康涅狄格河谷的侵略者，而是居住了當地数千年的原住民。[9] 到了普利茅斯和马萨诸塞湾殖民地创立，佩科特人已经在康涅狄格州中部和东部得到了政治上、军事上和经济上的主导地位。他们占领了在康涅狄格州奈安蒂克河的奈安蒂克部落和在羅德島州西部的納拉甘西特族之间的沿海地区。有大概16 000佩科特人在新英格兰南部人口最稠密的居住區。[1]
1616年-1619年間的天花疫情害死了许多新英格兰东岸的印第安人，但它未能蔓延至佩科特、奈安蒂克和納拉甘西特部落。1633年，荷兰在哈特福设立了一个貿易站称为好望屋（the House of Good Hope）。他们因违反协议而處決了佩科特人的首领（sachem）Tatobem。佩科特人支付荷兰大笔赎金之后，荷兰人交回Tatobem的遺体。他的继任人是Sassacus。1633年，疫情毀了當地所有部落，而历史学家估计佩科特人喪失了80%的人口。在佩科特战争爆发時，幸存的佩科特人可能只剩下大约3 000人。[10]
佩科特战争
[编辑]1636年，佩科特部落有成员杀害了康涅狄格殖民地的居民，於是引发了战争。莫西干人和納拉甘西特部落加入殖民者一方。大约1500佩科特战士陣亡或被追殺，其他人則被捕，并被分发为奴隶或家庭佣人。一些人逃到長島並加入了當地的莫霍克人和奈安蒂克部落。最后，一些人返回到他们的传统土地，與留下来的友善佩科特家庭同聚。至於淪為奴隸的人，大多数贈給了盟军的部落，但被卖去百慕大的也有不少。[11][12]莫西干人極其殘忍地处理他们的佩科特俘虏，以致康涅狄格殖民地的官员最终要帶走他们。1683年，康涅狄格州為佩科特人建立了两个保護區：在康涅狄格州北斯托寧頓的东佩科特保護區，以及在萊德亞德的西佩科特（或马尚图克特佩科特保護區）。
现代历史
[编辑]1910年的人口普查顯示佩科特人的人口只有66，[13] 而他们在几十年后达到最低数字。佩科特的人数在1970年代和1980年代增长显着，尤其是马尚图克特佩科特部落，它當時开放了一个赌场，部落主席理查德·海沃德鼓励了族人返回自己部族的家园。他曾在爭取部落的联邦承認和经济发展。[14]
1976年，佩科特人在美州原住民权利基金會（NARF）和印第安权利协会的协助下提出诉讼，针对北斯托寧頓的地主和居民以获得他们的土地，佩科特人声称當地於1856年被康涅狄格州非法出售。提出诉讼之后七年佩科特人和他们达成和解。康涅狄格州立法机构通过了申请联邦政府给予马尚图克特佩科特人部落承認的法案，而《马尚图克特佩科特印第安人的土地索求解决法案》獲得國会颁布，并於1983年10月18日由总统罗纳德·里根签署。[15]这法案對授予马尚图克特佩科特人部落联邦承認，使他们能买回在解决法案裡的土地，并讓這些土地在印第安事務局（BIA）的託管下作保護區用途。[16]1986年，他们开了一家博彩機構，然後於1992年開始福克斯伍兹赌场度假村（Foxwoods Resort Casino）的第一阶段。赌场的收入支持了文化博物馆的開发和興建，並於1998年8月11日在马尚图克特佩科特保護區开幕，當地有许多部落成员继续生活。
东佩科特部落國於2002年獲得承認。自1930年代以来，这两个佩科特部落已经有严重紧张的种族问题，有人認為深色皮肤的后代不应被視为完全佩科特人。两个东佩科特部落提出申请去尋求BIA的承認，他们同意团结起来以獲得承认。国家立即挑战這决定，而内政部在2005年撤销了對他们的承认。同年，它撤消了薩蒂福克人部落在2004年获得的承认。康涅狄格州政府和议会的代表团反对了BIA的承认，因为当地居民们担心新承认的部落会建立賭场。
地理
[编辑]有1130成员的东佩科特部落國有一個保護區称为「灯籠山」（Lantern Hill）。东佩科特部落國獲康乃狄克州承认。
有超過800人的马尚图克特佩科特部落或西佩科特在1983年获得了联邦承认，并有一个保護區在萊德亞德。
几乎所有识别为佩科特人的人居住在上述两个命名的社区。他们是多种族，但確认为佩科特人。没有部落成员是完全純種的佩科特人。
语言
[编辑]
历史上，佩科特人讲莫西干-佩科特语的其中一種方言、一種東阿岡昆語支语言。1637年佩科特战争以後缔结了《哈特福德条约》，当时殖民者列明讲佩科特语是罪行。一代之內，該語言大程度上已经灭绝。东佩科特部落國裡的佩科特人和马尚图克特佩科特人用的是英语。
在21世纪，马尚图克特佩科特人仔细分析包含佩科特語的历史文件和比较现存密切相关的语言，正在积极努力地恢复该语言。迄今为止，他们已恢復超过1000个词，虽然这对于實用语言所需的來說只是很小部分。马尚图克特佩科特人在馬斯比萬帕諾亞格人的帮助下已经开始提供语言课程[失效連結] 。万帕诺亚格人最近发起了「Wôpanâak语言开垦项目」 （（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆））。参与着該项目的新英格兰南部印第安社区包括馬斯比万帕诺亚格、Aquinnah万帕诺亚格、鲱鱼池万帕诺亚格，以及马尚图克特佩科特人。
着名的佩科特人
[编辑]- 威利·德维尔（Willy DeVille，1950年-2009年），摇滚吉他手、作曲家和歌手。佩科特人血统來自外祖母。他于2000年后的作品探讨了他的美洲原住民根源
註解
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Dean R. Snow and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics," Ethnohistory 35 (1988): 16-38.
- ^ Salwen, Bert (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 175
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Pritzker, Barry (2000) A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples, pp. 656–657. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Pritzker, Barry (2000) A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples, pp. 654–655, 656. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513897-X.
- ^ Jeff Benedict, Without Reservation: The Making of America's Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods the World's Largest Casino Hardcover], New York: Harper, 2000, ISBN 978-0060193676
- ^ Frank Speck, "Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut: A Mohegan-Pequot Diary", Annual Reports of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology 43 (1928): 218.
- ^ "The Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy", Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947): 26-33.
- ^ William Hubbard, The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845), vol. 2, pp. 6-7.
- ^ For archaeological investigations disproving Hubbard's theory of origins, see Irving Rouse, "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut," Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947): 25; Kevin McBride, "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984), pp. 126-28, 199-269; and the overall evidence on the question of Pequot origins in Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships," 26-33. For historical research, refer to Alfred A. Cave, "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence," New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27-44; and for linguistic research, see Truman D. Michelson, "Notes on Algonquian Language," International Journal of American Linguistics 1 (1917): 56-57.
- ^ Refer to Sherburne F. Cook, "The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians," Human Biology 45 (1973): 485-508; and Arthur E. Speiro and Bruce D. Spiess, "New England Pandemic of 1616-1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication," Man in the Northeast 35 (1987): 71-83.
- ^ Lion Gardiner, "Relation of the Pequot Warres," History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner (Cleveland, 1897), p. 138; Ethel Boissevain, "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves," Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103-114; and Karen O. Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 172.
- ^ Rootsweb: Pequot-Bermudian Reconnection Festival 2002. [2019-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-17）.
- ^ "Thirteenth Census of the United States taken in the year 1910" United States Bureau of the Census, (Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office, 1912-1914).
- ^ See Laurence M. Hauptman and James Wherry, eds. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990); Wayne J. Stein, "Gaming: The Apex of a Long Struggle," Wicazo Sa Review, vol. 13, No. 1. (Spring, 1998), pp. 73-91; Jeff Benedict, Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino, Harper Books, 2001; Brett Duval Fromson, Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History, Grove Press, 2004.
- ^ See Reagan's initial response in "Message to the Senate Returning Without Approval the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Claims Settlement Bill", April 5, 1983, University of Texas. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ Mashantucket Pequot Indian Claims Settlement Act (1983), S. 366.
- ^ Heller, Louis G. (1961). "Two Pequot Names in American Literature," American Speech 36(1): 54-57
参考书目
[编辑]主要来源
[编辑]- Gardiner, Lion. Leift Lion Gardener his Relation of the Pequot Warres (Boston: [First Printing] Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1833).
- Hubbard, William. The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845).
- Johnson, Edward. Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England by Captain Edward Johnson of Woburn, Massachusetts Bay. With an historical introduction and an index by William Frederick Poole (Andover, MA: W. F. Draper, [London: 1654] 1867.
- Mason, John. A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637/Written by Major John Mason, a principal actor therein, as then chief captain and commander of Connecticut forces; With an introduction and some explanatory notes by the Reverend Mr. Thomas Prince (Boston: Printed & sold by. S. Kneeland & T. Green in Queen Street, 1736).
- Mather, Increase. A Relation of the Troubles which have Hapned in New-England, by Reason of the Indians There, from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675 (New York: Arno Press, [1676] 1972).
- Orr, Charles ed., History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner (Cleveland, 1897).
- Underhill, John. Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado. Also a discovery of these places, that as yet have very few or no inhabitants which would yeeld speciall accommodation to such as will plant there . . . By Captaine Iohn Underhill, a commander in the warres there (London: Printed by I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, and are to be sold at the signe of the Glove in Corne-hill neere the Royall Exchange, 1638).
- Vincent, Philip. A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England, between the English, and the Salvages: VVith the present state of things there (London: Printed by M[armaduke] P[arsons] for Nathanael Butter, and Iohn Bellamie, 1637).
第二手资料来源
[编辑]- Boissevain, Ethel. "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves," Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114.
- Benedict, Jeff. Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino. New York: Harper Books, 2001.
- Bradstreet, Howard. The Story of the War with the Pequots, Retold. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1933.
- Cave, Alfred A. "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence," New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27-44.
- ______. The Pequot War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996).
- Cook, Sherburne F. "The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians," Human Biology 45 (1973): 485-508.
- Fromson, Brett Duval. Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History. Grove Press, 2004.
- Hauptman, Laurence M. and James D. Wherry, eds. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
- Kupperman, Karen O. Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
- McBride, Kevin. "The Historical Archaeology of the Mashantucket Pequots, 1637-1900," in Laurence M. Hauptman and James Wherry, eds. Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), pp. 96–116.
- ______. Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1984.
- Means, Carrol Alton. "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy," Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947): 26-33.
- Michelson, Truman D. "Notes on Algonquian Language," International Journal of American Linguistics 1 (1917): 56-57.
- Newell, Margaret Ellen. Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
- Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
- Rouse, Irving. "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut," Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947).
- Oberg, Michael. Uncas: First of the Mohegans (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press, 2003).
- Simmons, William S. Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore, 1620-1984. Dartmouth, NH: University Press of New England, 1986.
- Snow, Dean R. and Kim M. Lamphear. "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics," Ethnohistory 35 (1988): 16-38.
- Spiero, Arthur E., and Bruce E. Speiss. "New England Pandemic of 1616-1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication," Man in the Northeast 35 (1987): 71-83.
- Vaughan, Alden T. "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1964), pp. 256–269; also republished in Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
- _______. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620-1675. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1980.