神智学
神智学（英語：Theosophy），又称证道学，是一种涉及宗教哲学和神秘主义的新兴宗教，混合了一些西方哲学思想如新柏拉图主义和东方的印度教、佛教元素。神智学认为，史上所有宗教都是由久已失传的“神秘信条”演化出来的。神智学的创始人物有海倫娜·布拉瓦茨基，亨利·斯太尔·奥尔科特，以及威廉·關·賈奇。他们于1875年在纽约市创立了神智學協會。
词源
[编辑]神智学原文为“Theosophy”，这一词来自希腊语“theos”（神）与“sophia”（智慧）的结合，意为“神的智慧”。
定义
[编辑]海伦娜·布拉瓦茨基坚称它并不是宗教[1]，但她也说过神智学是“曾经普世的宗教”的现代形态[2]。“不是宗教”这一点体现在它对其他信仰以及哲学[3]、科学的包容性上，它并不禁止信徒信仰其他的学说[4]。
但宗教学家认为它就一种宗教[5]，它传播的是一种宗教式的世界观，使用的也是很明显的宗教术语，依赖的是信仰而非事实[6]。奥拉夫·哈默（Olav Hammer）和迈克尔·罗特施泰因（Mikael Rothstein）认为它是现代最重要的宗教传统之一[7]，乔斯林·戈德温（Joscelyn Godwin）说它是一个具有包容性的宗教运动[8]，J·杰弗里·富兰克林（J. Jeffrey Franklin）认为它是一个“杂交的宗教”（hybrid religion）[9]。总而言之，它必定属于新兴宗教[10]。
其源头是西方秘契主义[11]，它对西方秘契主义在20世纪的复兴奠定了基石[12]。虽然它混合了不少印度宗教元素，但社会学家克里斯托弗·帕特里奇仍然认为它本质上仍是西方的，它所表达的东方只是西方人眼中的东方[13]。
信仰
[编辑]神智学会说并不存在官方的信条[14]，只有一些所有成员都同意的“原则”[15]，存在怀疑着神智学但同意其基本的普世理念的教友[16]。
神智学基本是从布拉瓦茨基的作品中诞生的[17]，由后来的神智学家改进[18]。虽然布拉瓦茨基本人不认为神智学是她自己的发明，而是一些神秘的精神体（即所谓的“大师”）传授给她的[19]。
大师
[编辑]
神智学的核心是一类名叫“大师”（Masters）的精神体[20]，它们被视为神智学理论的源头[21]，也可以被称为Mahatmas、 Adepts、 Masters of Wisdom、 Masters of Compassion、Elder Brothers[21]。它们本来是人类，但由于道德、智力的完美而升为“大师”[21]。经过多年的锻炼，它们有远超人类的寿命[21]，拥有超自然的力量，比如千里眼和灵魂投射[22]。布拉瓦茨基说它们主要生活在喜马拉雅的“西藏王国”[21]。
它们拥有古代世界的知识[22]，组成了“大白兄弟会”（Great White Brotherhood），观察、指导人类[22]。神智学者宣称亚伯拉罕、摩西等圣经人物和乔达摩·悉达多、孔子、老子等东方古人以及雅各·波墨、亚历山德罗·卡格里奥斯特罗、弗朗兹·麦斯迈等现代人物都是“大师”[22]。但最重要是布拉瓦茨基宣称曾接触过的「庫特忽米」和「莫里亞」[23]。在传授知识之前，被选中者要经历一个考核期[24]，需要禁欲多年[24]。
神智学并不禁止偶像崇拜，布拉瓦茨基甚至鼓励信徒制作大师的肖像[25]，有很多“大师”肖像是德国画家赫尔曼·施米兴绘制的[26]，这些肖像得到了神智学者的认可[27]和崇拜[28]。
这种“大师”学说其实不是神智学首创，玫瑰十字会就有类似的理念[29]。
世界观
[编辑]神智学的世界观属于流溢说[30]，认为人类眼中的世界只是幻觉，即摩耶[31]。
布拉瓦茨基认为每个行星系都有一个太阳神（Solar Deity，或Logos）主宰[32]，其下又有七个行星神[32]。每个行星上的进化速度不同，基本顺序矿石-植物-动物-人类-超自然生物[33]。其中人类又有七个“根种族”（Root Race），每个根种族又能划分出七个“亚种族”（Sub-Race）[34]。
她认为现在人类已经进化到第五种族，即取代了第四种族亚特兰蒂斯人的雅利安人[35]。而随着先知弥勒佛的到来，他们也将被第六种族取代[36]。而当人类进化到第七种族时，就会离开地球[37]。
仪式
[编辑]神智学会并没有给出任何可供实践的宗教仪式[38]，但不同的神智学团体可能会有自己的仪式，如自由天主教会[38]和联合神智学舍（United Lodge of Theosophy）[39]。
参考文献
[编辑]脚注
[编辑]- ^ Lachman 2012，第137頁.
- ^ Franklin 2018，第193頁.
- ^ Santucci 2012，第234頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第196頁; Dixon 2001，第4頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第38, 72頁; Godwin 1994b，第xix頁; Hammer & Rothstein 2013，第2頁; Franklin 2018，第192頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第72, 196頁.
- ^ Hammer & Rothstein 2013，第2頁.
- ^ Godwin 1994b，第xix頁.
- ^ Franklin 2018，第xiv, 192頁.
- ^ Lowry 2019，第70頁.
- ^ Hanegraaff 2013，第130–31頁.
- ^ Hanegraaff 2013，第131頁.
- ^ Partridge 2004，第90–91頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第191頁; Dixon 2001，第4頁.
- ^ Dixon 2001，第3–4頁.
- ^ Dixon 2001，第4頁.
- ^ Santucci 2006，第1114頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第191頁.
- ^ Johnson 1994，第1頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第61頁.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Campbell 1980，第53頁.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Campbell 1980，第54頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第55–56頁.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Campbell 1980，第55頁.
- ^ Introvigne 2018，第206頁.
- ^ Introvigne 2018，第212頁.
- ^ Introvigne 2018，第214頁.
- ^ Introvigne 2018，第220頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第56頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第62頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第47頁.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Campbell 1980，第63頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第43頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第44頁; Lachman 2012，第256頁.
- ^ Lachman 2012，第256頁.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2008，第223頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第45頁.
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Campbell 1980，第196頁.
- ^ Campbell 1980，第196–197頁.
来源
[编辑]- Campbell, Bruce F. Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0520039681.
- Carlson, Maria. No Religion Higher than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0691636337.
- Chajes, Julie. Reincarnation in H.P. Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine. Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism. 2017, 5: 65–93.
- Dixon, Joy. Divine Feminine: Theosophy and Feminism in England. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6499-2.
- Faivre, Antoine. Access to Western Esotericism. SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1994.
- Franklin, J. Jeffrey. Spirit Matters: Occult Beliefs, Alternative Religions, and the Crisis of Faith in Victorian Britain. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 2018. ISBN 9781501715440.
- Gardell, Matthias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4.
- Godwin, Joscelyn. The Theosophical Enlightenment. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0791421512.
- Godwin, Joscelyn. K. Paul Johnson , 编. The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge. Albany: State University of New York Press: xv–xix. 1994b. ISBN 978-0791420645.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Helena Blavatsky. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-55643-457-0.
- Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0195320992.
- Hammer, Olav. Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 2001. ISBN 978-90-04-13638-0.
- Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael. Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein , 编. Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill: 1–12. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-23596-0.
|chapter=被忽略 (帮助) - Hanegraaff, Wouter. Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1441136466.
- Introvigne, Massimo. Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford , 编. The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge: 206–226. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4724-8698-1.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Johnson, K. Paul. The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0791420645.
- Johnston, Jay. Theosophical Bodies: Colour, Shape, and Emotion from Modern Aesthetics to Healing Therapies. Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (编). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 4. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2012: 153–170. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. ISSN 1874-6691. doi:10.1163/9789004226487_008.
- Lachman, Gary. Madame Blavatsky: The Mother of Modern Spirituality. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. 2012. ISBN 978-1-58542-863-2.
- Laramie, Moon. Blavatsky Unveiled: The Writings of H.P. Blavatsky in modern English. Volume I.. London: Martin Firrell Company Ltd. 2020. ISBN 978-0993178696.
- Lowry, Elizabeth. Darryl Caterine; John W. Morehead , 编. The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape. London and New York: Routledge: 68–77. 2019. ISBN 978-1-138-73857-7.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Meade, Marion. Madame Blavatsky: The Woman Behind the Myth. New York: Putnam. 1980. ISBN 978-0-399-12376-4.
- Partridge, Christopher. The Re-Enchantment of the West Volume. 1: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. London: T&T Clark International. 2004. ISBN 978-0567084088.
- Partridge, Christopher. Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein , 编. Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Leiden: Brill: 309–333. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-23596-0.
|chapter=被忽略 (帮助) - Poller, Jake. Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford , 编. The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge: 77–93. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4724-8698-1.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Robertson, David G. UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2016. ISBN 978-1-350-04498-2.
- Santucci, James A. Wouter Hanegraaff , 编. Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden: Brill: 1114–1123. 2006. ISBN 978-90-04-15231-1.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Santucci, James A. Olav Hammer; Mikael Rothstein , 编. The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 231–246. 2012. ISBN 978-0521145657.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Shaw, Michael. Christine Ferguson; Andrew Radford , 编. The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947. Abingdon and New York: Routledge: 23–40. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4724-8698-1.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Taves, Brian. Philosophy Into Popular Fiction: Talbot Mundy and The Theosophical Society. Southern California Quarterly. 1985, 67 (2): 153–186. JSTOR 41171147. doi:10.2307/41171147.
- Trompf, Garry W.; Bernauer, Lauren. Producing Lost Civilisations: Theosophical Concepts in Literature, Visual Media, and Popular Culture. Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (编). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 4. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2012: 99–131. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. ISSN 1874-6691. doi:10.1163/9789004226487_006.
- Washington, Peter. Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: Theosophy and the Emergence of the Western Guru. London: Secker & Warburg. 1993. ISBN 978-0-436-56418-5.
扩展阅读
[编辑]- Bednarowski, Mary Farrell. Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 1980, 48 (2): 207–231. JSTOR 1462703. doi:10.1093/jaarel/XLVIII.2.207.
- Bergunder, Michael. Experiments with Theosophical Truth: Gandhi, Esotericism, and Global Religious History. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 2014, 82 (2): 398–426. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lft095.
- Bevir, Mark. The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 1994, 62 (3): 747–767. JSTOR 1465212. doi:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747.
- Bevir, Mark. Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 2003, 7 (1): 99–115 [2021-12-07]. JSTOR 20106850. S2CID 54542458. doi:10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）.
- Bryson, Mary E. Metaphors for Freedom: Theosophy and the Irish Literary Revival. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 1977, 3 (1): 32–40. JSTOR 25512386. doi:10.2307/25512386.
- Charjes, Julie. Metempsychosis and Reincarnation in Isis Unveiled. Theosophical History. 2012, 16: 128–150.
- Charjes, Julie. Blavatsky and Monotheism: Towards the Historicisation of a Critical Category. Journal of Religion in Europe. 2016, 9 (2–3): 247–275. doi:10.1163/18748929-00902008.
- Dixon, Joy. Sexology and the Occult: Sexuality and Subjectivity in Theosophy's New Age. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 1997, 7 (3): 409–433. JSTOR 4629636.
- Hammer, Olav. James R. Lewis , 编. Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 196–217. 2009.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Hanegraaff, Wouter. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden: Brill. 1996. ISBN 978-9004106956.
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. The Theosophical Imagination. Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism. 2017, 5: 3–39.
- Kirkley, Evelyn A. "Equality of the Sexes, But…": Women in Point Loma Theosophy, 1899–1942. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 1998, 1 (2): 272–288. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272.
- Kraft, Siv Ellen. "To Mix or Not to Mix": Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism in the History of Theosophy. Numen. 2002, 49 (2): 142–177. JSTOR 3270480. doi:10.1163/156852702760186754.
- Lavoie, Jeffrey D. The Theosophical Society: The History of a Spiritualist Movement. 2012 [2021-12-07]. ISBN 9781612335537. （原始内容存档于2021-12-07）.
- Neufeldt, Ronald. Ronald W. Neufeldt , 编. Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1986.
|contribution=被忽略 (帮助) - Prothero, Stephen. From Spiritualism to Theosophy: "Uplifting" a Democratic Tradition. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation. 1993, 3 (2): 197–216. JSTOR 1123988.
- Prothero, Stephen. Henry Steel Olcott and "Protestant Buddhism". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 1995, 63 (2): 281–302. JSTOR 1465402. doi:10.1093/jaarel/LXIII.2.281.
- Prothero, Stephen. The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1996.
- Santucci, James A. The Notion of Race in Theosophy. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 2008, 11 (3): 37–63. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.37. doi:10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.37.
- Scott, J. Barton. Miracle Publics: Theosophy, Christianity, and the Coulomb Affair. History of Religions. 2009, 49 (2): 172–196. JSTOR 10.1086/649525. S2CID 161606445. doi:10.1086/649525.
- Van Wormer, Stephen R.; Gross, G. Timothy. Archaeological Identification of an Idiosyncratic Lifestyle: Excavation and Analysis of the Theosophical Society Dump, San Diego, California. Historical Archaeology. 2006, 40 (1): 100–118. JSTOR 25617318. S2CID 141573487. doi:10.1007/BF03376717.
- Vinitsky, Ilya. Where Bobok Is Buried: The Theosophical Roots of Dostoevskii's "Fantastic Realism". Slavic Review. 2006, 65 (3): 523–543. JSTOR 4148662. S2CID 163253453. doi:10.2307/4148662.
