Ansgar the Staller

Ansgar the Staller
Death of Harold at Hastings, October 1066;
Portreeve of London
In office 1044 (assumed) – 1075
Monarchs	Edward the Confessor; Harold Godwinson
Sheriff of Middlesex
In office 1044 (assumed) – 1075
Staller, Royal Official
In office ca 1044 – 1066
Personal details
Born	circa 1024-1030 Unknown
Died	circa 1085 Normandy
Nationality	English
Parent	Aethelstan (?-after 1045)
Occupation	Anglo-Saxon Royal retainer, landowner, soldier
Military service
Commands	London, October-December 1066
Battles/wars	Hastings, Southwark, London Bridge

Ansgar the Staller or Esegar (c. 1025 – 1085) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful nobles in late Anglo-Saxon England. He escaped badly wounded from the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, then led the defence of London.

His family were of Danish origin and held extensive estates in the Thames Valley, as well as Perivale and Northolt in Middlesex. In 1044, he replaced his father as hereditary Portreeve of London, and Sheriff of Middlesex. Edward the Confessor also made him a Staller, a term of uncertain origin, used for senior officials in his personal household.^[1]

Ansgar served Edward throughout his reign, then backed Harold Godwinson as his successor, rather than William the Conqueror. After Harold died at Hastings, he supported Edgar Ætheling (1051 to 1126), elected King of England by the Witenagemot, but never crowned.

He successfully repulsed two attacks on London, but when other surviving Anglo-Saxon leaders accepted William as king, he switched sides. However, his power and Danish connections made him dangerous; he was arrested in 1075, his lands distributed to William's supporters. He died in Normandy around 1085.

The Ansgar Freemason Lodge, in Middlesex, founded in 1931, was named after him.^[2]

The redistribution of English estates after the Norman Conquest in 1066 is relatively well-known, but the equally far-reaching grants made to Danish nobles by Cnut the Great less so. Ansgar's grandfather, Tovi the Proud, was a Danish thegn who came to England with Cnut, and received extensive lands in Oxfordshire,^[3] and Middlesex.^[4] His father Athelstan, thought to have been born before 1020, died sometime after 1045, served his son, Harthacnut, who formally succeeded his father as King of Denmark and England in 1035.^[5]

However, his brother Harold Harefoot was appointed regent of England, and in 1037 usurped the throne of England, supported by Leofric of Mercia. Only when he died in 1040 was Harthacnut able to take possession, and after his own death in 1042, his half-brother, Edward the Confessor, became king. As the son of Cnut's Anglo-Saxon predecessor, Æthelred the Unready (966 to 1016), he was backed by Earl Godwin, father of Harold Godwinson, and head of the 'English' faction. This was centred on the old kingdom of Wessex, while London, the economic hub, was dominated by Anglo-Danish supporters of Leofric, including Ansgar's father Athelstan, Portreeve of London, and sheriff of Middlesex.^[6]

In early 1044, Athelstan was implicated in a conspiracy against Edward, losing his estate of Waltham Abbey as a result.^[7] Edward could not afford to isolate so powerful a family, especially one that shared his dislike of the Godwins;^[a] his titles were transferred to Ansgar, who was also appointed 'Staller'. A title used by Edward for his senior household officials, its origin, and exact meaning, is disputed.^[8] One suggestion is it derives from comes stabuli, literally Count of the Stable, a title first used by the Byzantine Empire, then adopted by the Franks.^[9] Another it is taken from the criteria for becoming a thegn, which required a seat, or steall, and special office in the kings hall. However, this is unproved.^[10]

There are few details of Ansgar's life over the next twenty years, but he appears to have served Edward faithfully until his death in January 1066. He was part of a group of powerful nobles who supported Edward, centred in Berkshire, among them Eadnoth, and Bondi, two other stallers.^[11] In 1065, he, Bondi, Robert Fitzwymark, and Ralph, appear as witnesses on a charter, in which they are described as Royal stewards.^[12]

While Harold was the recognised heir, Edward had been careful to offset his powerful subordinate by promoting factions of Bretons, French, and Normans, many holding positions within Harold's power-base in Southern England.^[13] After Edward's death, he faced numerous rivals, the most significant being Harald of Norway, Harold's cousin Sweyn of Denmark, and William, Duke of Normandy. Generations of intermarriage with the Anglo-Saxon nobility meant all three had powerful English supporters.^[14]

Harold's brother Tostig Godwinson, exiled and deprived of his title as Earl of Northumbria in 1065, now asked each of them for their support. Since his former lands in Northumbria were the most suitable for a Norwegian landing, he eventually agreed a deal with Harald. In June, he left his place of exile in Flanders, and raided Harold's estates in southern England, from the Isle of Wight to Sandwich. After making it seem an attack from Normandy was imminent, he then sailed north, while Harold and most of his troops remained in the south.^[15]

On 8 September, Tostig arrived in Tynemouth, where he met Harald, who had around 10–15,000 men, on 300 longships.^[16] Harold marched north, leaving Ansgar to hold London, and the south; his Danish origins and long-standing dislike of the Godwins meant Harold may not have trusted his reliability in battle. Despite an overwhelming victory at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, William's landing at Pevensey on the 28th forced Harold to return south, where he gathered another army. There is some debate as to whether Ansgar was present at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October; one suggestion is he was badly wounded but escaped capture.^[17] Another is that he remained in London.^[18]

Despite his victory, William's position remained precarious, and Ansgar played a key role in the councils held by the remaining Anglo-Danish leadership, as they awaited his approach. On 15 October, the 15 year-old Edgar Ætheling was elected king by the Witenagemot; London contained a large pro-Norman faction, but Ansgar assembled a force described as "numerous and formidable" to defend London. Hoping to win his backing, William allegedly offered Ansgar a place on his council, along with retention of his estates and titles.^[19]

He refused; Guy, Bishop of Amiens, who later attended William's coronation, claimed Ansgar negotiated only as a delaying tactic to improve his defences, although this is unconfirmed.^[20] His defence of Southwark in mid-October prevented William entering the city, and forced him to march west, where he secured a crossing at Wallingford. Ansgar repulsed another attack on London Bridge in early December, before Edgar's principal backer, Edwin, Earl of Mercia, switched sides.^[21] Edgar submitted to William, who was crowned king in his place on 10 December.^[22]

His position hopeless, Ansgar surrendered; he apparently kept his estates, and may have helped suppress a Danish-led revolt in 1069. Despite this, he may have been too powerful for William; he was arrested in 1075, and later transferred to Normandy, where he died around 1085.^[18] His property was confiscated, and given to Norman nobles, chiefly Geoffrey Alselin and Geoffrey de Mandeville. Mandeville also took over as Portreeve of London, and Sheriff of Middlesex.^[23]

It is suggested East Garston in Berkshire was originally known as "Esgarston", or "Esegar's Estate".^[24] In 1931, the Ansgar Freemason Lodge, in Middlesex was named after him, commemorating a hero, who died in the cause of his King, his Country and his Province of Middlesex.^[2]

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