Oxybuprocaine
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| Trade names | Novesin(e) |
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| Routes of administration | Topical |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Esterases in blood plasma and liver |
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| Formula | C17H28N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 308.422 g·mol−1 |
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Oxybuprocaine (INN), also known as benoxinate or BNX, is an ester-type local anesthetic, which is used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology. Oxybuprocaine is sold by Novartis under the brand names Novesine or Novesin.
Safety for use in pregnancy and lactation has not been established.
Uses
[edit]- In ophthalmology in order to numb the surface of the eye (the outermost layers of the cornea and conjunctiva) for the following purposes:[2]
- in order to perform a contact/applanation tonometry,
- for small operations,
- in order to remove small foreign objects from the uppermost layer of the cornea or conjunctiva;
- in otolaryngology for numbing the mucous membranes of the nostrils and pharynx, for diagnostic purposes and small operations,[3]
- for numbing the mucous membranes of bronchi, for example in bronchoscopy,[3]
Pharmacokinetics
[edit]Anaesthesia starts with a latency of 30 to 50 seconds and lasts for about 10 to 30 minutes, depending on perfusion. The drug is metabolised by esterases in blood plasma and liver.[3]
Adverse effects
[edit]When used excessively, oxybuprocaine like any other topical anesthetic used in the eye and on mucous membranes (like for example tetracaine, proxymetacaine and proparacaine) can cause irritation, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, irreversible corneal damage and even complete destruction of the cornea.[2][4] (Excessive use means several times a day during several days or even weeks.)
Interactions
[edit]Oxybuprocaine is incompatible with silver and mercury salts, as well as alkaline substances. It also reduces the antimicrobial action of sulfonamides.[3]
Synthesis
[edit]
The nitration of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid [99-06-9] (0) gives 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid [619-14-7] (1). Fischer esterification with ethanol gives ethyl 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoate [717-01-1] (2). The phenoxide ion was then prepared from potash (3). Alkylation with 1-bromobutane supplied ethyl 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoate, CID:13346201 (4). The product is crystallized from hydrochloric acid, and then halogenation with thionyl chloride gives 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride [23442-21-9] (5). Esterification with diethylaminoethanol [100-37-8] (6) gives 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 3-butoxy-4-nitrobenzoate, CID:13346204 (7) Lastly, catalytic hydrogenation over Raney-Nickel completes the synthesis of Oxybuprocaine (8).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ a b Drugs.com: Minims Oxybuprocaine Hydrochloride 0.4%
- ^ a b c d Jasek W, ed. (2007). Austria-Codex (in German) (2007/2008 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. ISBN 978-3-85200-181-4.
- ^ McGee HT, Fraunfelder FW (November 2007). "Toxicities of topical ophthalmic anesthetics". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 6 (6): 637–40. doi:10.1517/14740338.6.6.637. PMID 17967152. S2CID 44377478.
- ^ Büchi, J.; Stünzi, Elisabeth; Flury, M.; Hirt, R.; Labhart, P.; Ragaz, L. (1951). "Über lokalanästhetisch wirksame basische Ester und Amide verschiedener Alkoxy-amino-benzoesäuren". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 34 (4): 1002–1013. doi:10.1002/hlca.19510340404.
- ^ Anon., GB 654484 (1951 to Wander AG).
- ^ Lai Fuping, CN 106810463 (2017 to Shenzhen Oasis Pharmaceutical Co Ltd).
- ^ 叶芳, CN 105669462A (2016).