Bewcastle

Bewcastle
Civil parish
Bewcastle church and cross
Bewcastle Location in the former City of Carlisle district Show map of the former City of Carlisle district Bewcastle Location within Cumbria Show map of Cumbria
Population	391 (2011 census)
OS grid reference	NY565745
Civil parish	Bewcastle
Unitary authority	Cumberland
Ceremonial county	Cumbria
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Carlisle
Postcode district	CA6
Post town	Newcastleton
Postcode district	TD9
Dialling code	016977
Police	Cumbria
Fire	Cumbria
Ambulance	North West
UK Parliament	Penrith and The Border
Website	http://www.bewcastle.com/
List of places UK England Cumbria 55°03′47″N 2°40′57″W / 55.06306°N 2.68261°W / 55.06306; -2.68261

Bewcastle is a large civil parish in the Cumberland unitary authority area of Cumbria, England. It is in the historic county of Cumberland.

According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 411, reducing to 391 at the 2011 Census.^[1] The parish is large and includes the settlements of Roadhead and Sleetbeck. To the north the parish extends to the border with Scotland. To the east the parish bounds Northumberland.

The origin of the name Bewcastle can be traced accurately from its spelling in ancient documents. These show that it was originally "bothy/booth caster", which translates as "the Roman fort where there were bothies or shielings". 'Cæster' is "an Anglian side-form of OE 'ceaster', referring to the defences of the Roman camp...a medieval fortress was built within these defences..." The original form of the first element "was clearly 'Buth-' from ON búð, 'booth'."^[2] (OE=Old English; ON=Old Norse).

Antiquarians, who did not have our access to well-catalogued and studied ancient documents, leapt at the chance to link the place name with a semi-mythological figure named Bueth, due to his romantic links with the prestigious Barony of Gilsland. The well-respected book The Place-names of Cumberland^[3] states that it is "impossible" for Bewcastle to be named after Bueth.

Bewcastle is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and the Border. Neil Hudson was elected its Conservative Member of Parliament at the 2019 General Election, replacing Rory Stewart.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

St Cuthbert's churchyard contains the famous 7th-Century Bewcastle Cross. The sundial on its surface is the oldest in Britain,^{[citation needed]} divided into the four 'tides' which governed the working day in medieval times. Its importance has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner thus: "The crosses of Bewcastle and Ruthwell ... are the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe."^[4] A reconstruction of the whole cross is located in the churchyard of St Mary's neo-Romanesque Church at Wreay near Carlisle, but this differs in style and detail from the original. Stephen Matthews^[5] calls the Wreay cross a "reinvention".

The parish is also known for its unusual hexagonal Bewcastle Roman Fort, which has been identified as Fanum Cocidi; its grassy ramparts can still be seen surrounding the churchyard. The fort was originally built from turf and timber and garrisoned by the First Nervian Cohort of Germans. It was built as an outlying defence of Hadrian's Wall to the south, to which it was linked by a road direct from the Roman fort of Banna (Birdoswald) on the wall, and a signal station on Gillalees Beacon between the two. The fort was later rebuilt in stone. Much of the stone was subsequently used to build a Norman castle within the northern perimeter of the fort. The ruins of Bewcastle Castle have recently been consolidated by English Heritage, and are accessible to the public without charge.^[6]

Two brothers born in Bewcastle, Joseph Armstrong (1816–1877) and George Armstrong (1822–1901), became noted steam locomotive engineers; their careers were spent mainly on the Great Western Railway.^[7]

• 
  Bewcastle castle
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  The castle
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  Bewcastle church and cross from the west
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  Bewcastle cross south perspective view
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  Interior of St Cuthbert's church, Bewcastle, Cumbria.
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  Example sundial at another location showing the four 'Tides' as on the Bewcastle Cross
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  Countryside at Bewcastle

• Listed buildings in Bewcastle

• Marshall, John (1978). A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7489-3.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bewcastle.

• Cumbria County History Trust: Bewcastle (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)
• Bewcastle website, description, history, Bewcastle Cross, what's on
• Brief description
• The Cumbria Directory - Bewcastle
• GENUKI page
• Derivation of place-name
• FANVM COCIDI Roman Fort