Chicago park and boulevard system

Chicago Boulevard System Historic District
A Chicago Boulevards information sign in Palmer Square park -- such markers with local information are found throughout the 26 miles of the system.
LocationChicago, Illinois
Area26 linear miles
Built1869-1942
ArchitectDaniel Burnham, William Le Baron Jenney Jens Jensen, Frederick Law Olmsted, Calvert Vaux
NRHP reference No.12000040
Added to NRHP2018

The historic Chicago park and boulevard system is a ring of parks connected by wide, planted-median boulevards that winds through the north, west, and south sides of the City of Chicago. Neighborhoods along this historic stretch include Logan Square, Humboldt Park, Garfield Park, Lawndale, Little Village, McKinley Park, Brighton Park, Gage Park, Englewood, Back of the Yards, and Bronzeville.[1] It reaches as far west as Garfield Park and turns south east to Douglass Park. In the south, it reaches Washington Park and Jackson Park, including the Midway Plaisance, used for the 1893 World's Fair.[2][3]

Constructed from the 1870s through 1942, in 2018 approximately 26 miles of the system was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Nominated to the register as both nationally and locally significant, its national significance includes being, "the first comprehensive system of greenways for a major city in the United States."[4]: 75 

History

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King Drive has two medians with trees planted in them. Parking is allowed on the side streets but not on the large central thoroughfare. Median configurations of one or two vary in different parts of the system
Marshall Boulevard, in the Little Village neighborhood. A sign on the lamppost on the left says "Chicago's historic boulevards". Behind and across blvd., several large Green Ash trees once commemorating the nation's 1876 Centennial. Final ages 143, before succumbing to Emerald Ash Borers and removed in 2016.

Incorporated as a city in 1837, Chicago and its developers, confronted questions concerning the provision urban parks and their relation to the city fabric. In 1849, John S. Wright, a real-estate investor, proposed an expansive system of parks connected by drives.[5] The system was authorized by Illinois state legislation in 1869.[6] The original plans foresaw a "ribbon of parks and pleasure drives encircling the city."[5] The landscaped boulevards connecting the parks were themselves conceived as places of leisure activity, parks "spun out".[7]: 11 [8] While intended as a "unified park and boulevard system", it was to be developed by separate park commissions on the north, west and south sides of the city.[5] A 2011 review describes its vision and realization:

This ambitious 26-mile system was created in response to the belief that it would not only help create healthful, accessible and livable neighborhoods, but would also spur residential real estate development in what was then the outskirts of the city. As anticipated, the park and boulevard system attracted real estate development and in the process created one of the city’s most recognizable and lasting urban features. The system is locally significant because, for the first time in Chicago, urban growth was thoughtfully planned and executed on a city-wide scale. The park and boulevard system not only provided a structure for orderly real estate development, it also provided an amenity that elevated the sophistication of the city by enriching both its visible character and its quality of life.[6]: 69 

The South Park Commission's part of the system was designed by Olmsted, Vaux & Co. The firm's principals, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, designed park and boulevard systems for Boston (its Emerald Necklace), Buffalo, and other cities. This part includes the Midway Plaisance and other areas used in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.[6]: 64+  The south side system included boulevards to Washington Park and Sherman Park.

The West Chicago Commission's section of the system was designed by William Le Baron Jenney.[6]: 64+  Extending from Logan Square, his 1871 plan linked Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks.[9]

The north-side park commission, known as the Lincoln Park Commission, failed in its plan to develop Diversey Parkway as a pleasure drive connection to the other park commissions' boulevard system.[5] Legal action against the Lincoln Park Commission prevented progress until widening Diversey Avenue to near Logan Boulevard became impractical.[10]

In 1934, the various park commissions were consolidated into the Chicago Park District.[5] Almost all of the park and boulevard system's construction was completed by 1942.[6]: 8 [8][11] In 1959, the boulevard parts of the system were transferred from the Chicago Park District to the City of Chicago department in charge of streets -- the Park District retaining only the parks.[5] An international architectural-concept competition, Network Reset, awarded prizes in 2011 for "rethinking" the Chicago boulevards.[12][13]

Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District

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The Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District, which encompasses most of the Boulevard System, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.[14] The approved listing, stretches approximately 26 miles, including 8 parks, 19 boulevards, and 6 squares, as well as adjacent properties that preserve structures built from the 19th century to the 1940s.[4]

Part of the system had previously been designated, in 1985, as the Logan Square Boulevards Historic District, a linear historic district in the Logan Square community area of North Side, Chicago. It encompasses 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of the city's boulevard system and includes sections of Logan Boulevard, Kedzie Avenue, and Humboldt Boulevard. It also includes two parks, Logan Square and Palmer Square, which connect the boulevards. The Logan Square area boulevards pass through residential areas and are lined with homes in a variety of architectural styles. Four hundred buildings are designated "primary" and 118 are "secondary" contributing buildings in the district.[6]: 8  Some of the most common designs are sandstone Romanesque houses, gray stone Victorian houses, and brick buildings with Tudor Revival and Prairie School styles.[7][15][failed verification]

Also included in the National Register district are several parks which are individually listed historic places:[6]: 7  Garfield Park (listed in 1993), Humboldt Park (1992), Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance (1972), Sherman Park (1990), and Washington Park (2004).[6]: 8 

References

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  1. ^ "Biking the Boulevards with Geoffrey Baer" Archived 2016-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, WTTW. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  2. ^ Midway Plaisance "Biking the Boulevards with Geoffrey Baer", WTTWRetrieved May 18, 2016.
  3. ^ "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" map, City of Chicago. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" (PDF). gis.hpa.state.il.us. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Bachrach, Julia Sniderman (2005). "Park Districts". The Encyclopedia of Chicago (electronic ed.). Chicago Historical Society and The Newberry Library.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" (PDF). (has 142 pages, is part 1 of 2, is continued in Part 2 (107 pages), first application submitted 2012|date=2012)
  7. ^ a b Bluestone, Daniel M. (July 1985). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Logan Square Boulevards Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-18. Retrieved March 17, 2014. (Logan Square Boulevards Historic District is part of the larger system.)
  8. ^ a b Bledstein, Burton J., Project Director. "Chicago's Park & Boulevard System" (PDF). In the vicinity of Maxwell Street Market - Virtual Museum (tigger.uic.edu/depts/hist/hull-maxwell/). University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "William Le Baron Jenney - The Cultural Landscape Foundation". tclf.org.
  10. ^ "Diversey Parkway". Biking the Boulevards. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  11. ^ "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District", The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  12. ^ "2011 NETWORK RESET COMPETITION - Chicago Architectural Club". chicagoarchitecturalclub.org. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  13. ^ Vinnitskaya, Irina (March 30, 2011). "Network Reset: Rethinking the Chicago Emerald Necklace Competition Winners". ArchDaily. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  14. ^ "WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 02/01/2019 THROUGH 2/7/2019". National Park Service. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  15. ^ "Logan Square Boulevards District". Chicago Landmarks. City of Chicago. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
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