Chilean water crisis

Chilean water crisis
Yeso reservoir March 19, 2016.jpg
Yeso reservoir March 14, 2020.jpg
El Yeso reservoir in 2016 (top) at about 88% capacity and in 2020 (bottom) at 40% capacity.
Date2010 (2010)-present
LocationChile
TypeDrought
Cause
Outcome

The Chilean water crisis is a period of extreme water scarcity and drought in Chile that began in 2010 in response to climate change, agricultural practices and the existing policies established in the early 1980s. It is the longest lasting drought experienced in Chile in over 700 to 1,000 years.[1][2]

The megadrought that begun in 2010 have contributed to make large swathes of Chile more prone to wildfire.[3] In Central Chile much natural vegetation have experienced reduced chlorophyll levels and vigor as result of the megadrought.[3]

History

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Economy and politics

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The 1980 Constitution of Chile created under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet recognizes water as a private property and in 1981, his government rewrote laws regulating water, granting the sale and privatization of water in a manner similar to the stock market.[4][5] The sale of water rights has been one of the primary factors that led to lower water levels in some areas.[4][5] Chile's economy developed into mainly extractivism and due to the privatization of water; by 2022, forestry—representing 3% of the nation's gross domestic product—consumed 59% of Chile's water, agriculture used 37% and only 2% was allocated for human consumption.[4][6]

Drought

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Chile began to experience a drought in 2010 and by 2020, precipitation was 20–45% of average nationally and 10–20% of average in the area of Santiago.[1][4] According to René D. Garreaud, of the University of Chile, the drought was the most extreme in the area in over 1,000 years.[1] During the Petorca water crisis, it was found in 2011 that large agricultural companies were stealing water from water outlets of the Petorca River.[7]

A 2018 study found that in the 2010-2014 period, nutrient values in the plumes of rivers discharging to the Pacific in Central Chile fell to half of their historic values.[8][9][10]

By 2020, nearly 500,000 Chileans relied on water transport trucks and tens of thousands of animals died from drought.[1][11] In 2021, research published by the Journal of Climate stated that a "Southern Blob" partially caused by climate change was exacerbating the drought.[12] By 2022, Chile was ranked 16th of 164 for water stress in the world according to the University of Chile.[13] In April 2022, Chile instituted a four-tiered water rationing plan; the second level included a public announcement, the third would lower water pressure and the most extreme level would rotate water stoppages for 24 hours.[14]

Notable events

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  • 1985 – First year in modern times that Petorca River dries out according to Lorena Donaire of Modatima.[15]
  • 2018 – Laguna de Aculeo is since 2018 a dry lake.[16] The drying of lake is the result of below-average rainfall over the past decade and also because of human activity which are diverting rivers and pumping groundwater from aquifers, which both had replenished the lake.[17][4]
  • 2022
  • 2023
    • For the first time ever, the Ministry of Agriculture declares Magallanes Region, Chile's southernmost region, in "agricultural alert" caused by drought.[19][20] The events leading up this situation are the years of 2022 and 2021 which had low precipitations.[19] 2021 in particular was the fourth driest known year since meteorological records began.[19]
    • Maipo River's apparent inability to break through its mouth bar following a storm surge in January 2023 has been credited to low discharge rates caused by excessive uptakes of water upstream.[21][22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "A Strained Water System in Chile". NASA. 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  2. ^ Muñoz, Ariel; Klock-Barría, Karin; Álvarez-Garretón, Camila; Aguilera, Isabella; González-Reyes, Álvaro; Lastra, José A.; Chávez, Roberto O.; Barría, Pilar; Christie, Duncan; Rojas-Badilla, Moisés; LeQuesne, Carlos (2020-04-29). "Crisis hídrica en la cuenca de Petorca: una combinación entre la megasequía y el manejo del agua". Diario UACh (in Spanish). Austral University of Chile. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
  3. ^ a b Faúndez Pinilla, Jorge; Castillo Soto, Miguel; Navarro Cerrillo, Rafael M. (2023). "Impactos de los incendios forestales de magnitud en áreas silvestres protegidas de Chile Central" [Impacts of severe wildfires in the protected wilderness areas of central Chile]. Bosque (in Spanish). 44 (2). doi:10.4067/s0717-92002023000100083.
  4. ^ a b c d e "'Consequences will be dire': Chile's water crisis is reaching breaking point". The Guardian. 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  5. ^ a b "The mystery of a disappearing lake and the struggle over water rights in Chile". Deutsche Welle. 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  6. ^ Gallagher, Daniel (2016-09-15). "The heavy price of Santiago's privatised water". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  7. ^ Freixas, Meritxell (March 22, 2019). "El aguacate que llega a Europa seca Chile". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  8. ^ Masotti, Italo; Aparicio-Rizzo, Pilar; Yevenes, Mariela A.; Garreaud, René; Belmar, Lucy; Farías, Laura (2018-11-22). "The Influence of River Discharge on Nutrient Export and Phytoplankton Biomass Off the Central Chile Coast (33°–37°S): Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability". Frontiers in Marine Science. 5. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ del Mar Parra, María (2023-06-30). "El aporte de nutrientes de los ríos a la costas chilenas bajó a la mitad por la megasequía". El Desconcierto (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-07-01.
  10. ^ Sangüesa, Claudia, Roberto Pizarro, Ben Ingram, Francisco Balocchi, Pablo García-Chevesich, Juan Pino, Alfredo Ibáñez, Carlos Vallejos, Romina Mendoza, Alejandra Bernal, and et al. 2023. "Streamflow Trends in Central Chile." Hydrology 10, no. 7: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070144
  11. ^ Newman, Lucia (10 February 2020). "Chile drought enters critical phase". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  12. ^ Garrison, Cassandra (2021-08-26). "Climate change fueling warm ocean 'blob' causing Chile megadrought - study". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  13. ^ "La crisis del agua". Interferencia (in Spanish). 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  14. ^ "Chile announces unprecedented plan to ration water as drought enters 13th year". The Guardian. Reuters. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  15. ^ Salgado, Daniela (April 6, 2021). "Rodeados de paltos, pero sin agua para el consumo: el drama de zonas con escasez hídrica en Chile". Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish). Radio France Internationale. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  16. ^ Montes, Carlos (2022-07-22). "¿El fin de la laguna de Aculeo? Últimas lluvias tienen cero impacto en su caudal". Qué Pasa. La Tercera. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  17. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "The mystery of a disappearing lake and the struggle over water rights in Chile | DW | 08.03.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  18. ^ a b "El embalse chileno de Peñuelas se seca mientras la histórica sequía entra en su 13º año". iagua (in Spanish). 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  19. ^ a b c "Chile declara por primera vez alerta por sequía en la austral Magallanes". Swissinfo (in Spanish). 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  20. ^ Lara, Emilio (January 13, 2023). "Oficial: hay sequía en Magallanes, por primera vez en la historia". Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish). Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  21. ^ Olivares Nieto, B. (2023-01-26). "Río Maipo no desemboca en el mar desde el jueves pasado: Las razones del fenómeno". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  22. ^ Zamarin, Felipe (2023-01-28). "Río Maipo vuelve a desembocar en el mar tras construcción de zanja para encauzar caudal". Radio Bío-Bío.
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