Colletotrichum higginsianum
Colletotrichum higginsianum is an ascomycete pathogen that causes anthracnose disease on many plants in the Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana and many cultivated forms of Brassica and Raphanus.[1]
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
[edit]
| Colletotrichum higginsianum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Glomerellales |
| Family: | Glomerellaceae |
| Genus: | Colletotrichum |
| Species: | C. higginsianum |
| Binomial name | |
| Colletotrichum higginsianum Sacc., (1917) | |
Colletotrichum higginsianum was discovered in 2012 by Dr. Richard J. O'Connell. He sequenced its genome through. It was sequenced through the use of short-read data from 454 GSFLX (350 bp) and Illumina GAII (100 bp) sequencing platforms and Sanger reads.[2] C. higginsianum forms part of a group of closely-related taxa that also includes C. destructivum (tobacco and legume pathogen) and C. linicola (flax pathogen)".[1]
Morphology
[edit]Colletotrichum higginsianum causes small, dark spots or water-soaked lesions on leaves, stems, or fruits. Colletotrichum higginsianum produce spores in acervuli, which are fungal fruiting structures that break through the surface of the host tissue. Colletotrichum higginsianum additionally goes through multiple stages when infecting its host. In the initial stage where the fungi punctures the host surface with appressoria. Once the hyphae inside the host cells have become bulbous biotrophic, they can then proceed and transition into their final stage. During this final stage, the fungi kills and destroys the host tissue. This would define its final stage as nectrotrophy.[citation needed]
Ecology
[edit]Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic fungus. In order to obtain energy, it "first establishes a biotrophic interaction by evading the plant’s defense mechanisms and later switches to a necrotrophic phase, in which it kills the host cells and feeds on them. The role of a terpenoid in manipulating the host defense response was discovered through a forward chemical genetics approach, using Arabidopsis thaliana and C. higginsianum as the plantepathogen pair."[3][4][5] Since this species is a pathogenic fungus, it can be found infecting species of the Brassicaceae family, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica, and Raphanus. "Brassicaceae contains some 338 genera and more than 3,700 species of flowering plants distributed throughout the world".[6]
Overall Biology and Relevance for Humans
[edit]Colletotrichum higginsianum is an economically important for humans because it can infect thousands of different species of flowering species, such as but not limited to: basket-of-gold (Aurinia saxatilis), cabbage and relatives (genus Brassica), peppergrass (genus Lepidium), wasabi (Eutrema japonicum), and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). This directly affects humans because it causes diseases to plants which results in decreased yield in crops. Additionally, since they are nectrophoic during its final stage, this kills and destroys the host tissue, resulting in more crops dying. At this current time, there isn't any direct application or use for Colletotrichum higginsianum, current studies are being conducted in order to maintain control of the anthracnose disease. "By recognizing host physical and chemical cues, C. higginsianum conidia differentiate melanized appressorium, an infection structure, at the tips of conidial germ tubes. Appressorium formation is required for successful infection since the fungus penetrates the cuticle and plant cell wall by utilization of enormous turgor pressure in melanized appressoria for further invasive growth.[2] Thus, inhibition of melanized appressorium formation will facilitate the efficient control of anthracnose disease".[7]
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a plant pathogen.
References
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Dallery, Jean-Félix; Le Goff, Géraldine; Adelin, Emilie; Iorga, Bogdan I.; Pigné, Sandrine; O’Connell, Richard J.; et al. (26 April 2019). "Deleting a Chromatin Remodeling Gene Increases the Diversity of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Colletotrichum higginsianum" (PDF). Journal of Natural Products. 82 (4): 813–822. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00796. PMID 30776231.
- Dallery, Jean-Félix; Zimmer, Marlene; Halder, Vivek; Suliman, Mohamed; Pigné, Sandrine; Le Goff, Géraldine; et al. (30 May 2020). "Inhibition of jasmonate-mediated plant defences by the fungal metabolite higginsianin B". Journal of Experimental Botany. 71 (10): 2910–2921. doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa061. PMC 7260715. PMID 32006004.
- O'Connell, Richard J; Thon, Michael R; Hacquard, Stéphane; Amyotte, Stefan G; Kleemann, Jochen; Torres, Maria F; et al. (September 2012). "Lifestyle transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses". Nature Genetics. 44 (9): 1060–1065. doi:10.1038/ng.2372. PMC 9754331. PMID 22885923.
- Petruzzello, Melissa (3 March 2023). "List of plants in the family Brassicaceae". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Shahi, Ayousha; Mafu, Sibongile (December 2021). "Specialized metabolites as mediators for plant–fungus crosstalk and their evolving roles". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 64: 102141. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102141. PMC 8671350. PMID 34814027.
- Wei, Wei; Xiong, Ying; Zhu, Wenjun; Wang, Nancong; Yang, Guogen; Peng, Fang (3 August 2016). "Colletotrichum higginsianum Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase ChMK1: Role in Growth, Cell Wall Integrity, Colony Melanization, and Pathogenicity". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 1212. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01212. PMC 4971432. PMID 27536296.
- Zampounis, Antonios; Pigné, Sandrine; Dallery, Jean-Félix; Wittenberg, Alexander H. J.; Zhou, Shiguo; Schwartz, David C.; et al. (25 August 2016). "Genome Sequence and Annotation of Colletotrichum higginsianum, a Causal Agent of Crucifer Anthracnose Disease". Genome Announcements. 4 (4). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00821-16. PMC 4991707. PMID 27540062.
Further reading
[edit]- Damm, U.; O'Connell, R.J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (September 2014). "The Colletotrichum destructivum species complex - hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops". Studies in Mycology. 79 (1): 49–84. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.003. PMC 4255528. PMID 25492986.
- Liu, Liping; Zhao, Dian; Zheng, Lu; Hsiang, Tom; Wei, Yangdou; Fu, Yanping; et al. (November 2013). "Identification of virulence genes in the crucifer anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum by insertional mutagenesis". Microbial Pathogenesis. 64: 6–17. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2013.06.001.
External links
[edit]- "Anthracnose (colletotrichum higginsianum SACC.)". Forestry Images. 11 December 2009.