Crested ibis

Crested ibis
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Pelecaniformes
Family:	Threskiornithidae
Genus:	Nipponia Reichenbach, 1853
Species:	N. nippon
Binomial name
Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835)
former natural range
Synonyms[3]
Ibis nippon Temminck, 1835 Ibis temmincki Reichenbach, 1850 Nipponia temmincki (Reichenbach, 1850)

The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), also known as the Japanese crested ibis, Asian crested ibis or toki, is a large (up to 78.5 cm (30.9 in) long), white-plumaged ibis of pine forests, native to eastern Asia. Its head is partially bare, showing red skin, and it has a dense crest of white plumes on the nape. It is the only member of the genus Nipponia.

They build their nests at the tops of trees on hills usually overlooking their habitat.

Crested ibises usually eat insects, frogs, small fish and small animals.

At one time, the crested ibis nested in the Russian Far East, Japan, and Mainland China, and was a non-breeding visitor to the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan. It has now disappeared from most of its former range, and the only natural (non-reintroduced) population occurs in Shaanxi, China.^[1]

The last wild crested ibis in Japan died in October 2003, with the remaining wild population found only in Shaanxi Province of China, until the reintroduction of captive bred birds back into Japan in 2008. They were previously thought to be extinct in China as well, until their rediscovery in 1981. Extensive captive breeding programs have been developed by Japan and China to conserve the species. They are on China's State Protection List. In 2002, there were a total of 130 colonies in China. Northwest Shaanxi province's research center has a history of 26 crested ibis fledglings including artificial and natural incubation. On July 31, 2002, five out of seven crested ibis chicks hatched at an incubation center in northwest Shaanxi province. This was the highest ever recorded number of chicks that hatched.^[4] The parents of the chicks were chosen from 60 ibis pairs raised at that research center.^[5]

In the 1980s, the birds were decimated by overhunting, the use of pesticides, ongoing habitat loss, their already small population size, their limited range, winter starvation and persecution, which together brought the endangered species to the brink of extinction.^[6] The crested ibis has been listed in Appendix I of the conservation treaty CITES.

The London Zoo had crested ibises from 1872 until 1873. Outside China, only Japan and South Korea currently keep the species.^{[citation needed]}

On September 25, 2008, in Sado, Niigata, the Sado Japanese Crested Ibis Preservation Center released 10 of the birds as part of its crested ibis restoration program, which aimed to introduce 60 ibises into the wild by 2015. It was the first time the bird has returned to the Japanese wild since 1981.^[7]

On April 23, 2012, it was confirmed that three crested ibis chicks had hatched on Sado Island in Niigata Prefecture, the first time chicks had hatched in the wild in Japan in 36 years.^[8][9]

On June 23, 2022, nearly five hundred toki returned to Sado, where the bird's delicate pink plumage and distinctive curved beak now draw tourists. They represent a rare conservation success story when one in eight bird species globally are threatened with extinction, and one which involved international diplomacy and an agricultural revolution on a small island off Japan's west coast.^[10]

On the Korean Peninsula, the bird has not been present since it was last seen in 1979 near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). South Korea made efforts to restore the species after former Chinese President Hu Jintao delivered a pair of the birds as a present during a South Korea–China summit in 2008, and President Xi Jinping presented another pair in 2013. The restoration center in Changnyeong has bred more than 360 crested ibises so far. The South Korean government has released dozens of crested ibises into the wild to promote its efforts to preserve biological diversity.^[11]

• List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments – the crested ibis is listed

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Nipponia nippon (category)

Wikispecies has information related to Nipponia nippon.

• BirdLife species factsheet for Nipponia nippon
• Japanese crested ibis at www.biodic.go.jp
• Sibagu: Threskiornithidae of China
• Sibagu: Threskiornithidae of Japan
• "Nipponia nippon". Avibase.
• "Japanese crested ibis media". Internet Bird Collection.
• Crested ibis photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Interactive range map of Nipponia nippon at IUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Crested ibis on Xeno-canto.