Darkinjung language

Darkinjung
Hawkesbury–MacDonald River
Native to	Australia
Region	New South Wales
Ethnicity	Darkinjung, Darkinung
Era	attested 1903
Revival	A small number of second-language users in revival program
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Yuin–Kuric Yora Darkinjung
Dialects	Darrkinyung Hawkesbury River–Broken Bay?
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xda
Glottolog	hawk1239
AIATSIS[1]	S65
ELP	Darkinyung
Traditional lands of Aboriginal Australian tribes around Sydney; Darkinjung in   brown

Darkinjung (Darrkinyung; many other spellings; see below) is an Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Darkinjung people. While no audio recordings of the language survive, several researchers have compiled wordlists and grammatical descriptions. It has been classified as a language no longer fully spoken^[2] and it can be classified as needing a language renewal^[3] program. It was spoken adjacent to Dharuk, Wiradhuri, Gamilaraay, and Awabakal. The Darkinjung tribe occupied a small part of southeastern Australia inside what is now the New South Wales area. They likely inhabited a considerable tract of land within Hunter, Northumberland, and Cook counties.^[4]

The name of the language has various spellings as recorded by both Mathews and W.J. Enright, among others, who worked of documentation from the 19th century:^[5]

• Darkinjang (Tindale 1974)
• Darkinjung
• Darkiñung (Mathews 1903)
• Darrkinyung
• Darginjang
• Darginyung
• Darkinung
• Darkinoong
• Darknüng
• Darkinyung

Since 2003 there has been a movement from the Darkinyung language group to revitalise the language. They started working with the original field reports of Robert H. Mathews and W. J. Enright. Where there were gaps in the sparsely populated wordlists, words were taken from lexically similar nearby languages. This led to the publication of the work Darkinyung grammar and dictionary: revitalising a language from historical sources.^[5] This may be ordered from the publisher, Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative.^[6]

Much of our understanding of Darkinjung phonology comes from papers published by R.H. Mathews in 1903. When analysing these sources, we may generalise that there were around 15 consonant phonemes, and approximately 3 vowels.^[5]

In Darkinjung, like many Australian languages, b, d, and g are interchangeable with p, t, and k and will not change the meaning of the word. The fact that this table shows b, d, and g is arbitrary.

Darkinjung makes use of what Mathews refers to as "tags," or suffixes to denote relationships between objects in sentences.^[5]

Number tags -bula "two" and -biyn "several"

Possessor Tag: -gayi

Locative "at, on, in" tags: -a/ -da/ -dja/ -ga/ -wa

The locative tags -ga and -wa appear to be found after stems ending in vowels.^[5]

Words with locational information seem to coincide with nouns that also carry a locative tag:

Ergative case tags: -a/ -da/ -ga/ -ya. Words that end in the consonant ŋ receive that tag /-ga/

• Bibliography of Darkinjung people and language resources Archived 28 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies