Doom (1993 video game)

"DOOM" redirects here. For the reboot, see Doom (2016 video game). For other uses, see Doom (disambiguation).

Doom
Doom cover art, featuring a man in armor standing on a ridge firing down into demons surrounding him, with the title DOOM above
Cover art by Don Ivan Punchatz featuring the Doomguy
Developer(s)id Software
Publisher(s)id Software
Designer(s)
Programmer(s)
Artist(s)
Composer(s)Bobby Prince[a]
SeriesDoom
EngineDoom engine[b]
Platform(s)
MS-DOS
Release
December 10, 1993
  • MS-DOS
    • NA: December 10, 1993
    • EU: December 1993
  • 32X
    • NA: November 21, 1994
    • PAL: January 1995
  • Atari Jaguar
    • NA: November 28, 1994
  • Mac OS
    • NA: December 1995
  • PC-98
    • JP: December 9, 1994
  • SNES
    • NA: September 1995
    • EU: October 26, 1995
    • JP: March 1, 1996
  • PlayStation
    • NA: November 16, 1995
    • EU: December 1995
  • 3DO
    • NA: April 26, 1996
  • Sega Saturn
    • NA: March 26, 1997
    • EU: 1997
  • RISC OS
  • Game Boy Advance
    • NA: October 24, 2001
    • EU: November 16, 2001
  • Xbox 360
    • WW: September 27, 2006
  • iOS
    • EU: October 30, 2009
    • NA: October 31, 2009
  • PlayStation 3
    • NA: November 20, 2012
  • Android, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
    • WW: July 26, 2019
  • PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
    • WW: August 8, 2024
Genre(s)First-person shooter
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Doom is a first-person shooter game developed and published by id Software. Released on December 10, 1993, for DOS, it is the first installment in the Doom franchise. The player assumes the role of a space marine, later unofficially referred to as Doomguy, fighting through hordes of undead humans and invading demons. The game begins on the moons of Mars and finishes in hell, with the player traversing each level to find its exit or defeat its final boss. It is an early example of 3D graphics in video games, and has enemies and objects as 2D images, a technique sometimes referred to as 2.5D graphics.

Doom was the third major independent release by id Software, after Commander Keen (1990–1991) and Wolfenstein 3D (1992). In May 1992, id started developing a darker game focused on fighting demons with technology, using a new 3D game engine from the lead programmer, John Carmack. The designer Tom Hall initially wrote a science fiction plot, but he and most of the story were removed from the project, with the final game featuring an action-heavy design by John Romero and Sandy Petersen. Id published Doom as a set of three episodes under the shareware model, marketing the full game by releasing the first episode free. A retail version with an additional episode was published in 1995 by GT Interactive as The Ultimate Doom.

Doom was a critical and commercial success, earning a reputation as one of the best and most influential video games of all time. It sold an estimated 3.5 million copies by 1999, and up to 20 million people are estimated to have played it within two years of launch. It has been termed the "father" of first-person shooters and is regarded as one of the most important games in the genre. It has been cited by video game historians as shifting the direction and public perception of the medium as a whole, as well as sparking the rise of online games and communities. It led to an array of imitators and clones, as well as a robust modding scene and the birth of speedrunning as a community. Its high level of graphic violence led to controversy from a range of groups. Doom has been ported to a variety of platforms both officially and unofficially and has been followed by several games in the series, including Doom II (1994), Doom 64 (1997), Doom 3 (2004), Doom (2016), Doom Eternal (2020), and Doom: The Dark Ages (2025), as well as the films Doom (2005) and Doom: Annihilation (2019).

Gameplay

[edit]
A hand holding a chainsaw with enemies standing on a path through green liquid
Screenshot of the player armed with a chainsaw confronting an undead soldier with a shotgun on a bridge over a chemical waste storage in "Knee-Deep in the Dead"

Doom is a first-person shooter presented with 3D graphics. While the environment is shown in a 3D perspective, the enemies and objects are instead 2D sprites rendered at fixed angles, a technique sometimes referred to as 2.5D graphics or billboarding.[2] In the single-player campaign mode, the player controls an unnamed space marine—later unofficially termed "Doomguy"—through military bases on the moons of Mars and in hell.[3] To finish a level, the player must traverse through labyrinthine areas to reach a marked exit room. Levels are grouped into named episodes, with the final level of each focusing on a boss fight.[4]

While traversing the levels, the player must fight a variety of enemies, including demons and possessed undead humans. Enemies often appear in large groups. The five difficulty levels adjust the number of enemies and amount of damage they do, with enemies moving and attacking faster than normal on the hardest difficulty setting.[4] The monsters have simple behavior: they move toward their opponent if they see or hear them, and attack by biting, clawing, or using magic abilities such as fireballs.[5]

The player must manage supplies of ammunition, health, and armor while traversing the levels. The player can find weapons and ammunition throughout the levels or can collect them from dead enemies, including a pistol, a shotgun, a chainsaw, a plasma rifle, and the BFG 9000. The player also encounters pits of toxic waste, ceilings that lower and crush objects, and locked doors requiring a collectable keycard or a remote switch.[6] Power-ups include health or armor points, a mapping computer, partial invisibility, a radiation suit against toxic waste, invulnerability, or a super-strong melee berserker status. Cheat codes allow the player to unlock all weapons, walk through walls, or become invulnerable.[7][8]

Two multiplayer modes are playable over a network: cooperative, in which two to four players team up to complete the main campaign, and deathmatch, in which two to four players compete to kill the other players' characters as many times as possible.[9][10] Multiplayer was initially only playable over local networks, but a four-player online multiplayer mode was made available one year after launch through the DWANGO service.[10][11]

Plot

[edit]

Doom is divided into three episodes, each containing about nine levels: "Knee-Deep in the Dead", "The Shores of Hell", and "Inferno". A fourth episode, "Thy Flesh Consumed", was added in an expanded version, The Ultimate Doom, released two years after Doom. The campaign contains very few plot elements, with a minimal story presented mostly through the instruction manual and text descriptions between episodes.[12]

In the future, an unnamed marine is posted to a dead-end assignment on Mars after assaulting a superior officer who ordered his unit to fire on civilians. The Union Aerospace Corporation, which operates radioactive waste facilities there, allows the military to conduct secret teleportation experiments that turn deadly. A base on Phobos urgently requests military support, while Deimos disappears entirely, and the marine joins a combat force to secure Phobos. He waits at the perimeter as ordered while the entire assault team is wiped out. With no way off the moon, and armed with only a pistol, he enters the base intent on revenge.[13]

In "Knee-Deep in the Dead", the marine fights demons and possessed humans in the military and waste facilities on Phobos. The episode ends with the marine defeating two powerful Barons of Hell guarding a teleporter to the Deimos base. After the battle, the marine passes through the teleporter and is knocked unconscious by a horde of enemies, awakening with only a pistol. In "The Shores of Hell", the marine fights through corrupted research facilities on Deimos, culminating in the defeat of a gigantic cyberdemon. From an overlook, he discovers that the moon is floating above hell and rappels down to the surface. In "Inferno", the marine battles through hell itself and destroys a cybernetic spider-demon that masterminded the invasion of the moons. When a portal to Earth opens, the marine steps through to discover that Earth has been invaded. "Thy Flesh Consumed" follows the marine's initial assault on the Earth invaders, setting the stage for Doom II.[14]

Development

[edit]
Main article: Development of Doom

Concept

[edit]
Black and white photo of the head and shoulders of a man wearing glasses
John Carmack in 2006

Id Software released Wolfenstein 3D in May 1992. Later called the "grandfather of 3D shooters",[15][16] it established the genre's popularity and its reputation for fast action and technological advancement.[15][17][18][19] When most of the studio began work on additional episodes for Wolfenstein, id co-founder and lead programmer John Carmack instead began technical research on a new game. Following the release of Wolfenstein 3D: Spear of Destiny in September 1992, the team began to plan their next game. They were tired of Wolfenstein and wanted to create another 3D game using a new engine Carmack was developing. Co-founder and lead designer Tom Hall proposed a new game in the Commander Keen series, but the team decided that the Keen platforming gameplay was a poor fit for Carmack's fast-paced 3D engines. Additionally, the other co-founders, designer John Romero and lead artist Adrian Carmack (no relation to John Carmack) wanted to create something in a darker style than the Keen games.

John Carmack conceived a game about using technology to fight demons, inspired by a Dungeons & Dragons campaign the team played. This campaign would also influence the design of Quake (1996) and Daikatana (2000).[20] More broadly the team intended to combine the styles of the Evil Dead II and Aliens films.[21][22] The working title was Green and Pissed, but Carmack renamed it Doom based on a line from the 1986 film The Color of Money: "'What you got in there?' / 'In here? Doom.'"[21][23]

The team agreed to pursue the Doom concept, and development began in November 1992.[22] The initial development team was composed of five people: programmers John Carmack and Romero, artists Adrian Carmack and Kevin Cloud, and designer Hall.[24] They moved operations to a dark office building, naming it "Suite 666" while drawing inspiration from the noises they heard from a neighboring dental practice. They also decided to cut ties with Apogee Software, their previous publisher, and self-publish Doom, as they felt that they were outgrowing the publisher and could make more money by self-publishing.[25]

Design

[edit]
Photograph of model of a brain mounted on a three-legged robotic base with actuating mechanisms and exposed wires. The brain has a face with mouth and red eyes, and a small arm with grasping hands emerging from each side.
Model of the Spider Mastermind created for the game by Gregor Punchatz

In November, Hall delivered a design document that he called the "Doom Bible", detailing the project's plot, backstory, and design goals.[22] His design was a science fiction horror concept wherein scientists on the Moon open a portal to an alien invasion. Over a series of levels, the player discovers that the aliens are demons while hell steadily infects the level design.[6] John Carmack not only disliked the proposed story but dismissed the idea of having a story at all: "Story in a game is like story in a porn movie; it's expected to be there, but it's not that important." Rather than a deep story, he wanted to focus on technological innovation, dropping the levels and episodes of Wolfenstein in favor of a fast, continuous world. Hall disliked the idea, but the rest of the team sided with Carmack.[6] Hall spent the next few weeks reworking the Doom Bible to work with Carmack's technological ideas.[22] However, the team then realized that Carmack's vision for a seamless world would be impossible given the hardware limitations, and Hall was forced to rework the design document once again.[22]

At the start of 1993, id put out a press release, touting Hall's story about fighting off demons while "knee-deep in the dead". The press release proclaimed the new 3D engine features that John Carmack had created, as well as aspects including multiplayer, that had not yet even been designed.[6] Early versions were built to match the Doom Bible, and a "pre-alpha" version of the first level included Hall's introductory base scene.[26] Initial versions also retained Wolfenstein's arcade-style scoring, but this was later removed as it clashed with Doom's intended tone.[24] The studio also experimented with other game systems before removing them, such as lives, an inventory, a secondary shield, and a complex user interface.[22][27]

Color photograph of the face of a smiling man with long black hair and glasses
John Romero in 2012

Soon, however, the Doom Bible as a whole was rejected. Romero wanted a game even "more brutal and fast" than Wolfenstein, which did not leave room for the character-driven plot Hall had created. Additionally, the team believed it emphasized realism over entertaining gameplay, and they did not see the need for a design document at all.[6] Some ideas were retained, but the story was dropped and most of the design was removed.[28] By early 1993, Hall created levels that became part of an internal demo. Carmack and Romero, however, rejected the military architecture of Hall's level design. Romero especially believed that the boxy, flat level designs failed to innovate on Wolfenstein, and failed to show off the engine's capabilities. He began to create his own, more abstract levels, which the rest of the team saw as a great improvement.[6][29]

Hall was upset with the reception of his designs and how little impact he was having as the lead designer.[6][26] He was also upset with how much he was having to fight with John Carmack to get what he saw as obvious gameplay improvements, such as flying enemies, and began to spend less time at work.[22] The other developers, however, felt that Hall was not in sync with the team's vision and was becoming a problem.[30] In July the other founders of id fired Hall, who went to work for Apogee.[6] He was replaced by Sandy Petersen in September, ten weeks before the game was released.[31][32] Petersen later recalled that John Carmack and Romero wanted to hire other artists instead, but Cloud and Adrian disagreed, saying that a designer was required to help build a cohesive gameplay experience.[33] The team also added a third programmer, Dave Taylor.[34]

Petersen and Romero designed the rest of Doom's levels, with different aims: the team believed that Petersen's designs were more technically interesting and varied, while Romero's were more aesthetically interesting.[32] In late 1993, a month before release, John Carmack began to add multiplayer.[30] After the multiplayer component was coded, the development team began playing four-player games, which Romero termed "deathmatch", and Cloud named the act of killing other players "fragging".[10][30] According to Romero, the deathmatch mode was inspired by fighting games such as Street Fighter II, Fatal Fury, and Art of Fighting.[35]

Engine

[edit]
See also: Doom engine

Doom was written largely in the C programming language, with a few elements in assembly language. The developers used NeXT computers running the NeXTSTEP operating system.[36] The level and graphical data was stored in WAD files, short for "Where's All the Data?", separately from the engine. This allowed for any part of the design to be changed without needing to adjust the engine code. Carmack designed this system so that fans could easily modify the game; he had been impressed by the modifications made by fans of Wolfenstein 3D and wanted to support that by releasing a map editor with an easily swappable file structure.[37]

Unlike Wolfenstein, which has flat levels with walls at right angles, the Doom engine allows for walls and floors at any angle or height but does not allow areas to be stacked vertically. The lighting system is based on adjusting the color palette of surfaces directly. Rather than calculating how light traveled from light sources to surfaces using ray tracing, the game calculates the "light level" of a small area based on the predetermined brightness of said area. It then modifies the color palette of that section's surface textures to mimic how dark it would look.[36] This same system is used to cause far away surfaces to look darker than close ones.[6]

Romero came up with new ways to use Carmack's lighting engine, such as strobe lights.[6] He programmed engine features such as switches and movable stairs and platforms.[22][24] After Romero's complex level designs started to cause problems with the engine, Carmack began to use binary space partitioning to quickly select the reduced portion of a level that the player could see at a given time.[22][32] Taylor, along with programming other features, added cheat codes to aid in development and left them in for players.[24][38]

Art direction

[edit]

Adrian Carmack was the lead artist for Doom, with Kevin Cloud as an additional artist. They designed the monsters to be "nightmarish", with graphics that were realistic and dark instead of staged or rendered. A mixed media approach was taken to create them.[39] The artists sculpted models of some of the enemies and took pictures of them in stop motion from five to eight different angles so that they could be rotated realistically in-game. The images were then digitized and converted to 2D characters with a program written by John Carmack.[6] Adrian Carmack made clay models for a few demons and had Gregor Punchatz build latex and metal sculptures of the others.[22][24] The weapons were made from combined parts of children's toys.[22] The developers photographed themselves as well, using Cloud's arm for the marine's arm holding a gun, and Adrian's snakeskin boots and wounded knee for textures.[6] The cover art was created by Don Ivan Punchatz, Gregor Punchatz's father, who worked from a short description of the game rather than detailed references. Romero was the body model used for cover; he posed during a photoshoot to demonstrate to the intended model what the pose should look like, and Punchatz used his photo.[30]

As with Wolfenstein 3D, id hired composer Bobby Prince to create the music and sound effects. Romero directed Prince to make the music in techno and metal styles. Many tracks were directly inspired by songs by metal bands such as Alice in Chains and Pantera.[32][40] Prince believed that ambient music would be more appropriate and produced numerous tracks in both styles in hope of convincing the team, and Romero incorporated both.[41] Prince did not make music for specific levels, as they were composed before the levels were completed. Instead, Romero assigned each track to each level late in development. Prince created the sound effects based on short descriptions or concept art of a monster or weapon and adjusted them to match the completed animations.[42] The monster sounds were created from animal noises, and Prince designed all the sounds to be distinct on the limited sound hardware of the time, even when many sounds were playing at once.[32][41] He also designed the sound effects to play on different frequencies from those used for the MIDI music, so they would clearly cut through the music.[43]

Release

[edit]

Id Software planned to self-publish Doom for DOS-based computers and set up a distribution system leading up to the release. Jay Wilbur, who had been hired as CEO and sole member of the business team, planned the marketing and distribution of Doom. As id would make the most money from copies they sold directly to customers—up to 85% of the planned US$40 price—he decided to leverage the shareware market as much as possible. He believed that the mainstream press was uninterested in the game and bought only a single ad in any gaming magazine. Instead, he gave software retailers the option to sell copies of the first Doom episode at any price, in hopes of motivating customers to buy the full game directly from id.[32]

The team planned to release Doom in the third quarter of 1993 but ultimately needed more time. By December 1993, the team was working non-stop, with several employees sleeping at the office. Taylor said that the work gave him such a rush that he would pass out from the intensity.[10] Id only gave a single press preview, to Computer Gaming World in June, to a glowing response, but had also released development updates to the public continuously throughout development on the nascent internet. Id began receiving calls from people interested in the game or angry that it had missed its planned release date, as anticipation built over the year. At midnight on December 10, 1993, after working for 30 straight hours testing, the development team at id uploaded the first episode to the internet, letting interested players distribute it for them.[30] The team was unable to connect to the FTP server at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where they planned to upload the game, since there were so many users already connected in anticipation of the release. The network administrator was forced to first increase the number of connections, and then kick off all users to make room. When the upload finished 30 minutes later, 10,000 people attempted to download the game at once, crashing the university's network.[10]

Within hours of Doom's release, university networks began banning Doom multiplayer games, as a rush of players overwhelmed their systems.[10] The morning after release, John Carmack quickly released a patch in response to complaints of network congestion from administrators, who still needed to implement Doom-specific rules to keep their networks from crashing from the load.[44]

Ports

[edit]
Main article: List of Doom ports
Screen shot of Bill Gates avatar in a Doom game holding a shotgun
To promote Windows 95, Microsoft CEO Bill Gates showcased a video presentation while digitally superimposed into Doom.[45]

In 1995, id created an expanded version of Doom for the retail market with a fourth episode of levels, which was published by GT Interactive as The Ultimate Doom.[46] Doom has also been ported to numerous different platforms, independent from id Software. The first port of Doom was an unofficial port to Linux, released by id programmer Dave Taylor in 1994; it was hosted by id but not supported or made official.[47] Microsoft attempted to hire id to port Doom to Windows in 1995 to promote Windows as a gaming platform, and Microsoft CEO Bill Gates briefly considered buying the company.[48][49] When id declined, Microsoft made its own licensed port, with a team led by Gabe Newell.[50] One promotional video for Windows 95 had Gates digitally superimposed into the game.[45]

Other official ports of Doom were released for the 32X and Atari Jaguar in 1994, SNES and PlayStation in 1995, 3DO in 1996, Sega Saturn in 1997, Acorn Risc PC in 1998, Game Boy Advance in 2001, Xbox 360 in 2006, iOS in 2009, and Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Android in 2019, with the latter-most platforms (excluding Android) receiving a further expanded port alongside Doom II in 2024 along with ports for the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S.[51][52][53][54][55][56] Some of these became bestsellers even many years after the initial release.[57] The ports did not all have the same content, with some having fewer levels, such as the 32X port created by John Carmack, which was released with only two-thirds of the game's levels in order to meet the console's launch date, while the PlayStation port includes The Ultimate Doom and Doom II.[58][59] The source code for Doom was released under a non-commercial license in 1997, and freely released under the GNU General Public License in 1999.[60][61] Due to the release of its source code, Doom has been unofficially ported to numerous platforms. These ports include esoteric devices such as smart thermostats, pianos, and Doom itself, which led to variations of a long-running meme, "Can it run Doom?" and "It runs Doom".[62][63][64]

Reception

[edit]

Sales

[edit]

Upon its release in December 1993, Doom became an "overnight phenomenon".[65] It was an immediate financial success for id, making a profit within a day after release. Although the company estimated that only 1% of shareware downloaders bought the full game, this was enough to generate initial daily revenue of US$100,000, selling in one day what Wolfenstein had sold in one month.[65][66] By May 1994, Wilbur said that the game had sold over 65,000 copies, and estimated that the shareware version had been distributed over 1 million times.[67] In 1995, Wilbur estimated the first-year sales as 140,000, while in 2002 Petersen said it had sold around 200,000 copies in its first year.[68][69]

By late 1995, Doom was estimated to be installed on more computers worldwide than Microsoft's new operating system, Windows 95.[50] According to PC Data, by April 1998 Doom's shareware edition had yielded 1.36 million units sold and US$8.74 million in revenue in the United States. This led PC Data to declare it the country's 4th-best-selling computer game since 1993.[70] The Ultimate Doom sold over 780,000 units by September 1999, and all versions combined sold 3.5 million copies by the end of 1999.[71][72] In addition to sales, an estimated six million people played the shareware version by 2002; other sources estimated in 2000 that 10–20 million people played Doom within 24 months of its launch.[69][73]

Reviews

[edit]

Doom was highly praised in contemporaneous reviews. In April 1994, a few months after release, PC Gamer UK named it the third-best computer game of all time, claiming "Doom has already done more to establish the PC's arcade clout than any other title in gaming history," and PC Gamer US named it the best computer game of all time that August.[74][75] It won the Best Action Adventure award at Cybermania '94.[76] GamesRadar UK named Doom Game of the Year in 1993 shortly after release, and Computer Gaming World and PC Gamer UK did the same the year after.[76][77][78]

Reviewers heavily praised the single-player gameplay: Electronic Entertainment called it "a skull-banging, palm-sweating, blood-pounding game", while The Age said it was "a technically superb and thrilling 3D adventure".[79][80] PC Zone called it the best arcade game ever, and it and Computer Gaming World praised the variety of monsters and weapons.[81][82] Computer Gaming World concluded that it was "a virtuoso performance".[82] Other reviewers, while also praising the gameplay, commented on the lack of complexity: Computer and Video Games found it captivating and praised the variety and complexity of the level design, but called the overall gameplay repetitive, while Dragon similarly praised the fast gameplay and level design, but said that overall it lacked depth.[83][84] Edge praised the graphics and levels but criticized the straightforward shooting gameplay. The review concluded: "If only you could talk to these creatures, then perhaps you could try and make friends with them, form alliances... Now, that would be interesting."[85] The review attracted mockery and "if only you could talk to these creatures" became a running joke in video game culture.[86] The multiplayer gameplay was praised: Computer Gaming World called it "the most intense gaming experience available", and Dragon called it "the biggest adrenaline rush available on computers".[82][84] PC Zone named it as the best multiplayer game available, in addition to the best arcade game.[81]

The 3D graphics and art style were praised by reviewers; Computer Gaming World called the graphics remarkable, while Edge said that it "made serious advances in what people will expect of 3D graphics in future", surpassing not only prior games but games that had yet to be released.[82][85] Compute! and Electronic Games similarly called the graphics excellent and unlike any other game's.[87][88] PC Zone, Dragon, Computer Gaming World, and Electronic Entertainment all praised the atmosphere and art direction, saying that the level design, lighting effects, and sound effects combined to create a "claustrophobic" and "nightmarish experience".[79][81][82][84] Computer Gaming World also praised the music, as did The Mercury News, which called it as "ominous as the scenario".[80][82]

Other versions

[edit]

The Ultimate Doom received mixed reviews upon its release in 1995, as in the review from PC Zone, which gave it a score of 90/100 for new players but 20/100 for anyone who had the original game. The reviewer viewed it as solely a level pack due to the lack of new features and compared it negatively to the hundreds of free fan-made levels available on the internet.[89] Joystick disliked the limited amount of additional content and recommended it only to major fans or those who had not played it.[90] Fusion reviewed the edition positively, praising the difficulty of the new levels, as did GameSpot, which reviewed it from the perspective of introducing the game to new players.[91][92]

The first ports of Doom received comparable reviews to the original PC version. VideoGames, GamePro, and Computer and Video Games all gave the Jaguar version high scores, comparing it favorably with the PC version.[93][94][95] GamePro and Computer and Video Games also rated the 32X version highly, though they noted that the graphics were worse and the game shorter than the PC or Jaguar versions.[95][96] The 1995 ports received mixed reviews. The PlayStation version was rated highly by HobbyConsolas, GamePro, and Maximum, which praised the inclusion of Doom II and extra levels, and favorably compared it to other PlayStation shooter games.[59][97][98] The SNES version, however, was noted for weaker graphics and unresponsive controls, though reviewers such as Computer and Video Games, GamePro, and Next Generation were split on awarding high or middling scores due to these faults.[99][100][101] Later 1990s ports received worse reviews; the 3DO port was panned by GamePro and Maximum for having worse graphics, a smaller screen size, and less intelligent enemies than any previous version,[102][103] and the Sega Saturn port also met with low reviews for poor graphics and low quality from Mean Machines and Sega Saturn Magazine.[104][105]

Legacy

[edit]

Doom has been termed "inarguably the most important" first-person shooter, as well as the "father" of the genre.[106][107] Although not the first in the genre, it was the game with the greatest impact.[106][107][108] Dan Pinchbeck in Doom: Scarydarkfast (2013) noted the direct influence of Doom's design choices on those of first-person and third-person shooter games two decades later, as influenced by the games released in the intervening years.[109]

Doom, and to a lesser extent Wolfenstein 3D, has been characterized as "mark[ing] a turning point" in the perception of video games in popular culture, with Doom and first-person shooters in general becoming the predominant perception of video games in media.[110] Historians such as Tristan Donovan in Replay: The History of Video Games (2010) have termed it as causing a "paradigm shift", prompting the rise in popularity of 3D games, first-person shooters, licensed technology between developers, and support for game modifications.[111] It helped spark the rise of both online multiplayer games and player-driven content generation, and popularized the business model of online distribution.[112][113] In their book Dungeons & Dreamers: A Story of how Computer Games Created a Global Community in 2014, Brad King and John Borland claimed that Doom was one of the first widespread instances of an "online collective virtual reality",[114] and did more than any other game to create a modern world of "networked games and gamers".[115] PC Gamer proclaimed Doom the most influential game of all time in 2004, and in 2023 said its development was one of the most well-documented in the history of video games.[116][117]

It has also been used in scholarly research since its release, including for machine learning,[118][119] video game aesthetics and design,[120] and the effects of video games on aggression, memory, and attention.[121][122] In 2007 Doom was listed among the ten "game canon" video games selected for preservation by the Library of Congress,[123][124][125] and in 2015 The Strong National Museum of Play inducted Doom to its World Video Game Hall of Fame as part of its initial set of games.[126]

Doom has continued to be included highly in lists of the best video games ever for nearly three decades since its release. In 1995, Next Generation said it was "the most talked about PC game ever".[127] The PC version was ranked the 3rd best video game by Flux in 1995, and in 1996 was ranked fifth best and third most innovative by Computer Gaming World.[128][129][130] In 2000, Doom was ranked as the second-best game ever by GameSpot.[131] The following year, it was voted the number one game of all time in a poll among over 100 game developers and journalists conducted by GameSpy, and was ranked the sixth best game by Game Informer.[132][133] GameTrailers ranked it the most "breakthrough PC game" in 2009 and Game Informer again ranked it the sixth-best game that same year.[134][135] Doom has also been ranked among the best games of all time by GamesMaster,[136] Hyper,[137] The Independent,[138] Entertainment Weekly,[139] GamesTM,[140] Jeuxvideo.com,[141] Gamereactor,[142] Time,[143] Polygon,[144] and The Times, among others, as recently as 2023.[145]

Clones

[edit]
See also: First-person shooter
Double-line graph. X-axis is years from 1993 to 2002. Y-axis shows usenet post counts ranging from 0 to 1200 per month. Red line ("doom+clone" or "doom+clones") peaks at about 400 in 1996, and tails off to zero again by 2002. Blue line ("first+person+shooter" or "first+person+shooters") grows mostly monotonically to about 1120 by 2002, with an intermediate peak of about 850 in 2000. The two lines cross in late 1997. Both lines are close to zero before late 1993, when "Doom released" is noted with a visual marker.
By 1998, the phrase "first-person shooter" had firmly superseded "Doom clone".

The success of Doom led to dozens of new first-person shooter games.[146] In 1998, PC Gamer declared it "probably the most imitated game of all time".[147] These games were often referred to as "Doom clones", with "first-person shooter" only overtaking it as the name of the genre after a few years.[148][149][150] As the "first-person shooter" genre label had not yet solidified at the time, Doom was described as a "first person perspective adventure" and "atmospheric 3-D action game".[110]

Doom clones ranged from close imitators to more innovative takes on the genre. Id Software licensed the Doom engine to several other companies, which resulted in several games similar to Doom, including Heretic (1994), Hexen: Beyond Heretic (1995), and Strife: Quest for the Sigil (1996).[149] A Doom-based game called Chex Quest was released in 1996 by Ralston Foods as a promotion to increase cereal sales.[151] Other games were inspired by Doom, if not rumored to be built by reverse engineering the game's engine, including LucasArts's Star Wars: Dark Forces (1995).[149][152] Several other games termed Doom clones, such as PowerSlave (1996) and Duke Nukem 3D (1996), used the 1995 Build engine, a 2.5D engine inspired by Doom created by Ken Silverman with some consultation with John Carmack.[149][153]

Sequel and franchise

[edit]
Main article: Doom (franchise)

After completing Doom, id Software began working on a sequel using the same engine, Doom II, which was released to retail on October 10, 1994, ten months after the first game. GT Interactive had approached id before the release of Doom with plans to release a retail version of Doom and Doom II. Id chose to create the sequel as a set of episodes rather than a new game, allowing John Carmack and the other programmers to begin work on id's next game, Quake.[154] Doom II was the United States' highest-selling software product of 1994 and sold more than 1.2 million copies within a year.[155][156]

Doom II was followed by an expansion pack from id, Master Levels for Doom II (1995), consisting of 21 commissioned levels and over 3000 user-created levels for Doom and Doom II.[157] Two sets of Doom II levels by different amateur map-making teams were released together by id as the standalone game Final Doom (1996).[158][159] Doom and Doom II were both included, along with previous id games, in the id Anthology compilation (1996).[160] The Doom franchise has continued since the 1990s in several iterations and forms. The video game series includes Doom 3 (2004), Doom (2016), and Doom Eternal (2020), along with other spin-off video games.[161][162][163][164] It additionally includes multiple novels, a comic book, board games, and two films: Doom (2005) and Doom: Annihilation (2019).[165][166][167]

Controversies

[edit]
See also: List of banned video games by country
Screen shot of a rocket exploding, causing multiple enemies to burst into bloody chunks
Doom's intense level of graphic violence, as seen in this gory effect of a rocket hitting a group of demons, made the game highly controversial.[168]

Doom was notorious for its high levels of graphic violence and satanic imagery, which generated controversy from a broad range of groups.[168] Doom for the 32X was one of the first video games to be given a Mature 17+ rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board due to its violent gore and nature, while Doom II was the first.[168][169][170] In Germany, shortly after its publication, Doom was classified as "harmful to minors" by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons and could not be sold to children or displayed where they could see it, which was only rescinded in 2011.[171]

Doom again sparked controversy in the United States when it was found that Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who committed the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999, were avid players.[172] While planning for the massacre, Harris said in his journal that the killing would be "like playing Doom".[173] A rumor spread afterward that Harris had designed a custom Doom level that looked like the high school, populated with representations of Harris's classmates and teachers, which he used to practice for the shooting.[174] Although Harris did design several custom Doom levels, which later became known as the "Harris levels", none were based on the school.[174] Doom was dubbed a "mass murder simulator" by critic and Killology Research Group founder David Grossman.[175]

In the earliest release versions, the level E1M4: Command Control contains a swastika-shaped structure, which was put in as a homage to Wolfenstein 3D. The swastika was removed in later versions, out of respect for a military veteran's request, according to Romero.[24]

Community

[edit]
See also: Doom modding

Doom's popularity and innovations attracted a community that has persisted for decades since.[176] The deathmatch mode was an important factor in its popularity.[11] Doom was the first game to coin the term "deathmatch" and introduced multiplayer shooting battles to a wide audience.[176][177] This led to a widespread community of players who had never experienced fast-paced multiplayer combat before.[176]

Another popular aspect of Doom was the versatility of its WAD files, enabling user-generated levels and other game modifications. John Carmack and Romero had strongly advocated for mod support, overriding other id employees who were concerned about commercial and legal implications. Although WAD files exposed the game data, id provided no instructions for how they worked. Still, players were able to modify leaked alpha versions of the game, allowing them to release level editors within weeks of the game's release.[178]

On January 26, 1994, university student Brendon Wyber led a group to create the first full level editor, the Doom Editor Utility, leading to the first custom level by Jeff Bird in March.[178][179] It was followed by "countless" others, including many based on other franchises like Aliens and Star Wars total conversion mods, as well as DeHackEd, a patch editor first released in 1994 by Greg Lewis that allowed editing of the game engine.[178][180] Soon after the first mods appeared, id CEO Wilbur posted legal terms to the company's website, allowing mod authors to charge money without any fees to id, while also absolving the company of responsibility or support.[178]

Doom mods were widely popular, earning favorable comparisons to the official level additions seen in The Ultimate Doom.[89][90] Thousands of user-created levels were released in the first few years after the release; over 3000 such levels for Doom and Doom II were included in the official retail release Master Levels for Doom II (1995).[157] WizardWorks released multiple collections of mods of Doom and Doom II under the name D!Zone.[181] At least one mod creator, Tim Willits, was later hired at id Software.[182] Mods have continued to be produced, with the community Cacowards awarding the best of each year.[183] In 2016, Romero created two new Doom levels: E1M4b ("Phobos Mission Control") and E1M8b ("Tech Gone Bad").[184][185] In 2018, for the 25th anniversary of Doom, Romero announced Sigil, an unofficial fifth episode containing nine levels. It was released on May 22, 2019, for €6.66 with a soundtrack by Buckethead, and then released again for free on May 31 with a soundtrack by James Paddock. A physical release was later produced.[186][187] A sixth episode, Sigil II, was released on the game's 30th anniversary, December 10, 2023, again for €6.66 for a digital copy with a soundtrack by Valient Thorr, as well as physical editions on floppy disk.[188]

In addition to WAD files, Doom includes a feature that allowed players to record and play back gameplay using files called demos, or game replays.[189] Although the concept of speedrunning a video game existed before Doom, its release coincided with a wave of popularity for speedrunning, amplified by the online communities built on the nascent Internet.[190] Demos were lightweight files that could be shared more easily than video files on internet bulletin board systems at the time.[189] As a result, Doom is credited with creating the video game speedrunning community.[191][192] The speedrunning community for Doom has continued for decades. As recently as 2019, community members have broken records originally set in 1998.[193] Doom has been termed as having "one of the longest-running speedrunning communities" as well as being "the quintessential speedrunning game".[194][195]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The music for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn ports of the game was composed by Aubrey Hodges,[1] while the 2024 release featured the 2016 "IDKFA" arrangement soundtrack by Andrew Hulshult.
  2. ^ The 2019 release uses Unity, while the 2024 release uses the KEX Engine.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Niver, John (August 1, 2012). "Doom Music". Video Game Music Online. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  2. ^ "The First Pictures: Quake: The Fight for Justice". Maximum. No. 1. EMAP. October 1995. pp. 134–135. ISSN 1360-3167. Doom was criticised for not being a true 3D product – in fact, it's best described as 2.5D (if you will) because although each level could be staged at various heights, it was impossible to stack two corridors on top of one another in any given stage.
  3. ^ Swaim, Michael; Macy, Seth G. (January 17, 2020). "Doom Eternal: The Story So Far". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Walters, Michael (July 28, 2019). "Doom (1993) Nintendo Switch Review: A Classic That Refuses To Feel Dated". The Gamer. Valnet. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  5. ^ Thompson, Tommy (May 2, 2022). "The AI of Doom (1993)". Game Developer. Informa. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kushner, pp. 124–131
  7. ^ "The 10 Greatest Cheat Codes in Gaming HistoryDoom: God Mode". Complex Networks. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  8. ^ Anthony, Sebastian (December 10, 2013). "Doom, the original and best first-person shooter, is 20 years old today". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  9. ^ Keizer, Gregg (April 1994). "Virtual Worlds - Doom". Electronic Entertainment. No. 4. IDG. p. 94. ISSN 1074-1356.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Kushner, pp. 148–153
  11. ^ a b Kushner, pp. 182–184
  12. ^ Pinchbeck, pp. 65–66
  13. ^ Doom Manual. id Software. 1993. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  14. ^ Good, Owen S. (June 1, 2019). "Original Doom gets unofficial sequel from creator, for free". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame". 1Up.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  16. ^ Slaven, p. 53
  17. ^ Williamson, Colin. "Wolfenstein 3D DOS Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  18. ^ "IGN's Top 100 Games (2003)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  19. ^ Shachtman, Noah (May 5, 2008). "May 5, 1992: Wolfenstein 3-D Shoots the First-Person Shooter Into Stardom". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  20. ^ Romero, pp. 126–145
  21. ^ a b Kushner, pp. 118–121
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Romero, John; Hall, Tom (2011). Classic Game Postmortem – Doom (Video). Game Developers Conference. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  23. ^ Antoniades, Alexander (August 22, 2013). "Monsters from the Id: The Making of Doom". Gamasutra. UBM. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d e f "We Play Doom with John Romero". IGN. Ziff Davis. December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  25. ^ Kushner, pp. 122–123
  26. ^ a b Batchelor, James (January 26, 2015). "Video: John Romero reveals level design secrets while playing Doom". MCV. NewBay Media. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  27. ^ "On the Horizon". Game Players PC Entertainment. Vol. 6, no. 3. GP Publications. May 1993. p. 8. ISSN 1087-2779.
  28. ^ Mendoza, pp. 249–250
  29. ^ Romero, John; Barton, Matt (March 13, 2010). Matt Chat 53: Doom with John Romero (Video). Matt Barton. Event occurs at 4:15–8:00. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e Romero, ch. 12: Destined to DOOM
  31. ^ Bub, Andrew S. (July 10, 2002). "Sandy Petersen Speaks". GameSpy. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Kushner, pp. 132–147
  33. ^ Petersen, Sandy (April 20, 2020). Tales from the Dark Days of Id Software (Video). Event occurs at 0:45–1:30. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022 – via YouTube.
  34. ^ Romero, John (2016). The Early Days of id Software (Video). Game Developers Conference. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  35. ^ Consalvo, pp. 201–203
  36. ^ a b Schuytema, Paul C. (August 1994). "The Lighter Side of Doom". Computer Gaming World. No. 121. pp. 140–142. ISSN 0744-6667.
  37. ^ Kushner, p. 166
  38. ^ Stuart, Keith (December 8, 2023). "Doom at 30: what it means, by the people who made it". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  39. ^ Mendoza, p. 247
  40. ^ Romero, John (April 19, 2005). "Influences on Doom Music". rome.ro. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  41. ^ a b Pinchbeck, pp. 52–55
  42. ^ Prince, Bobby (December 29, 2010). "Deciding Where To Place Music/Sound Effects In A Game". Bobby Prince Music. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  43. ^ Tobin, Scott; Prince, Bobby (October 12, 2018). Composers Play – "Doom" Coop with Bobby Prince! – Part 4 (Video). Event occurs at 5:00–5:30. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023 – via YouTube.
  44. ^ Totilo, Steven (December 10, 2013). "Memories Of Doom, By John Romero & John Carmack". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  45. ^ a b Klepek, Patrick (May 16, 2016). "That Time Bill Gates Starred In A Doom Promo Video". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  46. ^ "The Ultimate Doom: Thy Flesh Consumed". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  47. ^ Taylor, Dave (September 9, 1994). "Linux Doom for X released". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.announce. Usenet: ann-13210.779119772@cs.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017.
  48. ^ Wilson, Johnny L.; Brown, Ken; Lombardi, Chris; Weksler, Mike; Coleman, Terry (July 1994). "The Designer's Dilemma: The Eighth Computer Game Developers Conference". Computer Gaming World. pp. 26–31. ISSN 0744-6667.
  49. ^ Kushner, pp. 217–219
  50. ^ a b Sebastian, Anthony (September 24, 2013). "Gabe Newell Made Windows a Viable Gaming Platform, and Linux Is Next". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  51. ^ "Doom (1993) – PC". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  52. ^ Hawken, ch. Doom
  53. ^ Cobbett, Richard (August 3, 2012). "Doom 3 shines flashlight on The Lost Mission (And doesn't even need to put down its gun!)". PC Gamer. Future. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  54. ^ Gach, Ethan (July 26, 2019). "Looks Like The Original Doom Games Are Coming To Switch As Soon As Today [Update]". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  55. ^ Lyles, Taylor (August 8, 2024). "DOOM and DOOM 2 Getting New Enhanced Versions With a Brand-New Episode and More". IGN. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  56. ^ Peters, Jay (August 8, 2024). "Doom and Doom II get a 'definitive' re-release that's packed with upgrades". The Verge. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  57. ^ "Gallup UK PlayStation sales chart". Official UK PlayStation Magazine. No. 5. Future. April 1996. ISSN 1752-2102.
  58. ^ McFerran, Damien (May 2010). "Retroinspection: Sega 32X". Retro Gamer. No. 77. Imagine Publishing. pp. 44–49. ISSN 1742-3155.
  59. ^ a b "Doom". Maximum. No. 2. EMAP. November 1995. pp. 148–149. ISSN 1360-3167.
  60. ^ "Doom Open Source Release". GitHub. Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  61. ^ DeCarlo, Matthew (March 11, 2010). "A List of PC Game Classics Available Free of Charge". TechSpot. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  62. ^ "But Can It Run Doom?". Wired. Condé Nast. January 1, 2003. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  63. ^ Hurley, Leon (May 15, 2017). "Watch Doom running on an ATM, a printer... and 10 other weird, non-gaming machines". GamesRadar+. Future. Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  64. ^ Petitte, Omri (February 2, 2016). "Pianos, printers, and other surprising things you can play Doom on". PC Gamer. Future. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  65. ^ a b Kushner, pp. 176–178
  66. ^ Kushner, pp. 113–117
  67. ^ "Lovers of guts and gore should meet this Doom". The Courier-Journal. May 7, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved October 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ^ "Games". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. October 29, 1995. p. 93. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ a b McCandless, David (June 12, 2002). "Games That Changed The World: Doom". PC Zone. Future. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  70. ^ "Player Stats: Top 10 Best-Selling Games, 1993 – Present". Computer Gaming World. No. 170. September 1998. p. 52. ISSN 0744-6667.
  71. ^ "PC Data Top Games of All Time". IGN. Ziff Davis. November 1, 1999. Archived from the original on March 2, 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  72. ^ Clark, Stuart (February 20, 1999). "Denting the ego of Id". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 209. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^ Dunnigan, pp. 14–17
  74. ^ "The PC Gamer Top 50 PC Games of All Time". PC Gamer UK. Vol. 1, no. 5. Future. April 1994. pp. 43–56. ISSN 1351-3540.
  75. ^ "Top 40: The Best Games of All Time". PC Gamer US. Vol. 1, no. 3. Future. August 1994. p. 42. ISSN 1080-4471.
  76. ^ a b "Brenda Romero and John Romero Bios". Romero.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  77. ^ "The PC Gamer Games of the Year". PC Gamer UK. Vol. 2, no. 1. Future. December 1994. ISSN 1351-3540.
  78. ^ "Announcing The New Premier Awards". Computer Gaming World. No. 118. June 1994. pp. 51–58. ISSN 0744-6667.
  79. ^ a b Keizer, Gregg (April 1994). "Doom". Electronic Entertainment. No. 4. International Data Group. p. 94. ISSN 1074-1356.
  80. ^ a b Cox, Kate (October 17, 2012). "Six Reviewers Travel From The Past To Shoot Their Way Through Doom". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  81. ^ a b c McCandless, David (April 1994). "Review: Doom". PC Zone. No. 13. Future. pp. 68–72. ISSN 0967-8220.
  82. ^ a b c d e f Walker, Bryan (March 1994). "Hell's Bells and Whistles: id Software's Doom". Computer Gaming World. No. 116. pp. 38–39. ISSN 0744-6667.
  83. ^ Rand, Paul; Lord, Gary (March 1994). "Reviews: Doom". Computer and Video Games. No. 148. Future. pp. 72–73. ISSN 0261-3697.
  84. ^ a b c Kaufman, Doug (March 1994). "Eye of the Monitor: Doom". Dragon. No. 203. TSR. pp. 59–62. ISSN 1062-2101.
  85. ^ a b "Doom Review". Edge. No. 7. Future. April 1994. ISSN 1350-1593. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012.
  86. ^ Welsh, Oli (March 17, 2012). "Game of the Week: Journey". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  87. ^ Atkin, Denny (April 1994). "Sim Hillary". Compute!. Vol. 16, no. 4. ABC Publishing. p. 82. ISSN 0194-357X.
  88. ^ Ceccola, Russ (April 1994). "Doom: Save Phobos From the Demons of Hell". Electronic Games. Vol. 2, no. 7. Katz Kunkel Worley. p. 74. ISSN 0730-6687.
  89. ^ a b McCandless, David (August 1995). "Ultimate Doom: Thy Flesh Consumed". PC Zone. No. 29. Future. pp. 62–64. ISSN 0967-8220.
  90. ^ a b "The Ultimate Doom". Joystick (in French). No. 68. Hachette Filipacchi Médias. p. 89. ISSN 1145-4806.
  91. ^ Hummer, Sadie (September 1995). "See You In Hell, My Friend". Fusion. Vol. 1, no. 2. Decker Publications. p. 80. ISSN 1083-1118.
  92. ^ Scisco, Peter (May 1, 1996). "The Ultimate Doom Review". GameSpot. SpotMedia Communications. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  93. ^ Loftus, Jim (January 1995). "Doom". VideoGames. No. 72. Larry Flynt Publications. p. 76. ISSN 1059-2938.
  94. ^ Peteroo (January 1995). "Doom—Jaguar". GamePro. No. 66. International Data Group. pp. 92–93. ISSN 1042-8658.
  95. ^ a b "Doom versus Doom". Computer and Video Games. No. 158. Future. January 1995. pp. 72–74. ISSN 0261-3697.
  96. ^ Toxic Tommy (February 1995). "Doom—32X". GamePro. No. 67. International Data Group. p. 58. ISSN 1042-8658.
  97. ^ Lorente, Roberto (June 1996). "Doom". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). No. 57. Axel Springer SE. pp. 94–95. ISSN 1134-6582.
  98. ^ Major Mike (December 1995). "Doom: Special PlayStation Edition". GamePro. No. 77. International Data Group. pp. 58–59. ISSN 1042-8658.
  99. ^ Lord, Gary; Patterson, Mark (October 1995). "Doom". Computer and Video Games. No. 167. Future. pp. 82–83. ISSN 0261-3697.
  100. ^ The Axe Grinder (October 1995). "Doom–Super NES". GamePro. No. 68. International Data Group. p. 66. ISSN 1042-8658.
  101. ^ "Doom". Next Generation. Vol. 1, no. 10. Imagine Media. October 1995. pp. 126, 128. ISSN 1078-9693.
  102. ^ "Quick Hits: Doom—3DO". GamePro. No. 92. International Data Group. May 1996. p. 72. ISSN 1042-8658.
  103. ^ "Doom for the 3DO?". Maximum. No. 4. EMAP. February 1996. pp. 160–161. ISSN 1360-3167.
  104. ^ "Doom". Mean Machines. No. 53. EMAP. March 1997. pp. 66–68. ISSN 0960-4952.
  105. ^ Leadbetter, Rich (February 1997). "Doom". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 16. EMAP. pp. 72–73. ISSN 1360-9424.
  106. ^ a b Shoemaker, Brad (2012). "The Greatest Games of All Time: Doom". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  107. ^ a b Dastoor, Vaspaan (May 9, 2019). "Most Impactful FPS Games of All Time". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  108. ^ Moss, Richard (February 14, 2016). "Headshot: A visual history of first-person shooters". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  109. ^ Pinchbeck, pp. 157–159
  110. ^ a b Therrien, Carl (2015). "Inspecting Video Game Historiography Through Critical Lens: Etymology of the First-Person Shooter Genre". Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research. 15 (2). Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  111. ^ Donovan, pp. 261–262
  112. ^ Pinchbeck, p. 165
  113. ^ Zachary, George (September 1996). "Generator: How a Little Game Called Doom May Have Changes the Business World Forever". Next Generation. No. 21. Imagine Media. p. 20. ISSN 1078-9693.
  114. ^ King; Borland, ch. 15: "The Doom Connection"
  115. ^ King; Borland, ch. 12: "id and Ego"
  116. ^ "Ten Years of PC Gamer Magazine". PC Gamer US. No. 123. Future. May 2004. ISSN 1080-4471.
  117. ^ Lane, Rick (January 31, 2024). "Doom is eternal: The immeasurable impact of gaming's greatest FPS". PC Gamer. Future. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  118. ^ Kanervisto, A.; Pussinen, J.; Hautamäki, V. (2020). Benchmarking End-to-End Behavioural Cloning on Video Games. 2020 IEEE Conference on Games, Osaka, Japan. pp. 558–565. arXiv:2004.00981. doi:10.1109/CoG47356.2020.9231600.
  119. ^ Alvernaz, S.; Togelius, J. (2017). Autoencoder-augmented neuroevolution for visual doom playing. 2017 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games, New York, NY, USA. pp. 1–8. arXiv:1707.03902. doi:10.1109/CIG.2017.8080408.
  120. ^ Hutchison, Andrew (2008). "Making the water move: techno-historic limits in the game aesthetics of Myst and Doom". Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research. 8 (1). Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  121. ^ Burkhardt, Johanna; Lenhard, Wolfgang (2022). "A Meta-Analysis on the Longitudinal, Age-Dependent Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression". Media Psychology. 25 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729. S2CID 239233862.
  122. ^ Kefalis, Chrysovalantis (2020). "The Effects of Video Games in Memory and Attention". International Journal of Educational Psychology. 10 (1): 51. doi:10.3991/ijep.v10i1.11290. S2CID 211535998.
  123. ^ Chaplin, Heather (March 12, 2007). "Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact". The New York Times. p. E7. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015.
  124. ^ Ransom-Wiley, James (March 12, 2007). "10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger". Joystiq. AOL. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  125. ^ Owens, Trevor (September 26, 2012). "Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson". The Signal. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  126. ^ "Doom". The Strong National Museum of Play. The Strong. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  127. ^ "The Games". Next Generation. No. 4. Imagine Media. April 1995. p. 53. ISSN 1078-9693.
  128. ^ "Top 100 Video Games". Flux. No. 4. Harris Publications. April 1995. p. 25. ISSN 1074-5602.
  129. ^ "150 Best Games of All Time". Computer Gaming World. No. 148. November 1996. pp. 64–80. ISSN 0744-6667.
  130. ^ "The 15 Most Innovative Computer Games". Computer Gaming World. No. 148. November 1996. p. 102. ISSN 0744-6667.
  131. ^ "GameSpot's 100 Games of the Millennium". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. January 2, 2000. Archived from the original on October 9, 2000. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  132. ^ "GameSpy's Top 50 Games of All Time". GameSpy. Ziff Davis. July 2001. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2005.
  133. ^ Cork, Jeff (November 16, 2009). "Game Informer's Top 100 Games of All Time (Circa Issue 100)". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  134. ^ "GT Top Ten Breakthrough PC Games". GameTrailers. IGN. July 28, 2009. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  135. ^ "The Top 200 Games of All Time". Game Informer. No. 200. GameStop. December 2009. pp. 44–79. ISSN 1067-6392.
  136. ^ "The All Time Top 100 Ever". GamesMaster. No. 21. Future. September 1994. ISSN 0967-9855.
  137. ^ "Top 100 Video Games of All Time". Hyper. No. 15. Nextmedia. February 1995. ISSN 1320-7458.
  138. ^ "The 50 Best Video games: A Legend In Your Own Living-Room". The Independent. February 6, 1999. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  139. ^ "We rank the 100 greatest videogames". Entertainment Weekly. Dotdash Meredith. May 13, 2003. ISSN 1049-0434. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  140. ^ "GamesTM Top 100". GamesTM. No. 100. Future. October 2010. ISSN 1478-5889.
  141. ^ "Les 100 meilleurs jeux de tous les temps". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Webedia. March 4, 2011. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
  142. ^ "Gamereactor's Top 100 bedste spil nogensinde". Gamereactor (in Danish). January 16, 2017. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  143. ^ Peckham, Matt; Eadicicco, Lisa; Fitzpatrick, Alex; Vella, Matt; Patrick Pullen, John; Raab, Josh; Grossman, Lev (August 23, 2016). "The 50 Best Video Games of All Time". Time. Time Inc. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  144. ^ "The 500 Best Video Games of All Time". Polygon. Vox Media. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  145. ^ "20 best video games of all time — ranked by an expert jury". The Times. February 26, 2023. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  146. ^ Jensen, K. Thor (October 11, 2017). "The Complete History Of First-Person Shooters". PC Gamer. Future. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  147. ^ "The 50 Best Games Ever". PC Gamer US. 5 (10). Future: 86–130. October 1998. ISSN 1080-4471.
  148. ^ Orland, Kyle (March 7, 2012). "Attacking the clones: indie game devs fight blatant rip-offs". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  149. ^ a b c d Turner, Benjamin; Bowen, Kevin (December 11, 2003). "Bringin' in the Doom Clones". GameSpy. IGN. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  150. ^ Kohler, Chris (December 10, 1993). "Q&A: Doom's Creator Looks Back on 20 Years of Demonic Mayhem". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  151. ^ House, Michael L. "Chex Quest – Overview". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  152. ^ Turi, Tim (February 27, 2015). "Doom Clone Troopers – The Story Behind Star Wars: Dark Forces". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  153. ^ Zak, Robert (April 13, 2016). "Blood, Sweat & Laughter: The Beauty Of The Build Engine". Rock Paper Shotgun. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  154. ^ Kushner, pp. 180–182
  155. ^ Pitta, Julia (March 23, 1995). "News Analysis: Playing the Interactive Game". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017.
  156. ^ O'Connell, p. 50
  157. ^ a b "Master Levels for Doom II". Steam. Valve. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  158. ^ "Final Doom". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 87. Ziff Davis. October 1996. p. 55. ISSN 1058-918X.
  159. ^ "Review Crew: Final Doom". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 89. Ziff Davis. December 1996. p. 88. ISSN 1058-918X.
  160. ^ Siegler, Joe (2000). "Tech Support: Commander Keen". 3D Realms. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  161. ^ "Doom 3 – PC". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  162. ^ "Doom – PC". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  163. ^ Gonzales, Oscar (March 18, 2020). "Doom Eternal pushed to March 2020". CNET. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  164. ^ Zwiezen, Zack (April 24, 2021). "Let's Rank All The Doom Games, From Worst To Best". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  165. ^ Cobbett, Richard (January 4, 2020). "Doom may be a classic, but were the novels?". PC Gamer. Future. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  166. ^ Plunkett, Luke (February 13, 2017). "Doom: The Board Game: The Kotaku Review". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  167. ^ Nunneley-Jackson, Stephany (March 12, 2019). "Doom makers distance themselves from Doom: Annihilation movie". VG247. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  168. ^ a b c Kushner, p. 171
  169. ^ "The ESRB is Turning 20 – IGN". IGN. Ziff Davis. September 16, 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  170. ^ "ESRB Game Ratings: Search Results: Doom". Entertainment Software Rating Board. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2004.
  171. ^ Brown, Mark (September 1, 2011). "Germany Lifts 17-Year Ban on Demon-Blaster Doom". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  172. ^ Richtel, Matt (April 29, 1999). "Game Makers on the Defensive After the Columbine Shootings". The New York Times. p. G3. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  173. ^ Whitaker, Ron (June 1, 2015). "8 of the Most Controversial Videogames Ever Made". The Escapist. Gamurs. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  174. ^ a b Mikkelson, Barbara (January 1, 2005). "Columbine Doom Levels". Snopes. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  175. ^ Irvine, Reed; Kincaid, Cliff (1999). "Video Games Can Kill". Accuracy in Media. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2005.
  176. ^ a b c Shoemaker, Brad (February 2, 2006). "The Greatest Games of All Time: Doom". GameSpot. SpotMedia Communications. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  177. ^ Gestalt (December 29, 1999). "Games of the Millennium". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  178. ^ a b c d Kushner, pp. 167–169
  179. ^ Hrodey, matt (February 11, 2019). "A Brief History of Doom Mapping". The Escapist. Gamurs. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  180. ^ Yang, Robert (September 19, 2012). "A People's History Of The FPS, Part 1: The WAD". Rock Paper Shotgun. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  181. ^ Jay; Dee (May 1995). "Eye of the Monitor: D!Zone". Dragon. No. 217. TSR. pp. 67–74. ISSN 1062-2101.
  182. ^ Kushner, p. 212
  183. ^ Tarason, Dominic (November 25, 2019). "The best Doom mods of 2019". Rock Paper Shotgun. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  184. ^ Frank, Allegra (April 26, 2016). "John Romero's new Doom level is a tease for his next project". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  185. ^ Frank, Allegra (January 15, 2016). "You can download John Romero's first new Doom level in 21 years right now". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  186. ^ "Download Sigil". Romero Games. May 31, 2019. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  187. ^ Wales, Matt (May 31, 2019). "John Romero's free, unofficial fifth Doom episode Sigil is finally here". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  188. ^ "Download Sigil II with Thorr Soundtrack". Romero Games. December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  189. ^ a b Snyder pp. 34–36
  190. ^ Lenti, Erica (July 10, 2021). "Why Do Gamers Love Speedrunning So Much Anyway?". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  191. ^ Paez, Danny (March 10, 2020). "Coined: How "speedrunning" became an Olympic-level gaming competition". Inverse. Bustle Digital Group. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  192. ^ Turner, Benjamin (August 10, 2005). "Smashing the Clock". 1Up.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2005.
  193. ^ Walker, Alex (April 9, 2019). "Insanely Difficult Doom Record Beaten After 20 Years". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  194. ^ Hawkins, Josh (April 10, 2019). "22-year-old Doom E1M1: Hangar speedrun record finally broken". Shacknews. Gamerhub. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  195. ^ Stanton, Rich (September 7, 2022). "This Doom 'speedrun' took more than three weeks". PC Gamer. Future. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doom (video game).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doom_(1993_video_game)&oldid=1257001746#Community"