Exclusive economic zone

An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.^[1]

It stretches from the outer limit of the territorial sea (22.224 kilometres or 12 nmi from the baseline) out 370.4 kilometres (or 200 nautical miles) from the coast of the state in question. It is also referred to as a maritime continental margin and, in colloquial usage, may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters are international waters.^[2]

Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastal baseline.^[3] The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (741 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.^[4] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.^[5]

The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).^[5] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone.

States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the extended continental shelf up to 350 nmi (648 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones.

The legal definition of the continental shelf does not correspond exactly to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.

The idea of allotting nations' EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi (6 km) (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore.^{[citation needed]} In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore.^{[citation needed]} One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf signed by Chilean President Gabriel Gonzalez Videla on 23 June 1947^[6] and by Peruvian President Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero through Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947^[7][8]

It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020)

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.

• A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea, an area that reportedly contains substantial oil reserves, is disputed between Canada and the United States.

• In 1996, the Dominican Republic and United Kingdom signed an agreement establishing a simplified equidistance boundary between the British Overseas Territory of Turks and Caicos and the Dominican Republic. Mouchoir Bank fell on the Turks and Caicos side of the boundary, and Silver and Navidad Banks on the Dominican Republic side. However, the agreement was not subsequently ratified by either party. Instead, the Dominican Republic declared itself an archipelagic state in 2007, claiming sovereignty over Mouchoir Bank and extending its EEZ beyond the boundary agreement with the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom does not accept the archipelagic status and maritime boundaries claimed by the Dominican Republic.^[9]
• Since 2007, the Dominican Republic in Hispaniola considers itself an archipelagic state, encroaching the long-established median or equidistance line dividing the EEZ of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, and claiming portion of the EEZ claimed by the United States in relation to the archipelago of Puerto Rico, itself an unincorporated U.S. territory.^[10][11] The United States does not accept the archipelagic status and maritime boundaries claimed by the Dominican Republic.^[12] Victor Prescott, an authority in the field of maritime boundaries, argues that, as the coasts of both states are short coastlines with few offshore islands, an equidistance line is appropriate.^[13]

• Mauritius claims an EEZ for Tromelin Island from France and an EEZ in respect of the British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK. An Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres is claimed by Mauritius.

• Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during the accession of Croatia to the European Union.
• Turkey claims a portion of Cyprus's claimed EEZ based on Turkey's definition that no islands, including Cyprus, can have a full EEZ^[14][15] and should only be entitled to 12 nautical miles. Furthermore, the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) also claims portions of Cyprus's claimed EEZ. Turkey also disputes Greece's EEZ for the same reason in regards to its islands in the Aegean Sea. Turkey is one of few countries to not have signed UNCLOS.
• Greece claims that the maritime deal between the internationally recognized GNA government of Libya and Turkey is illegal and it signed a counter agreement with Egypt.^[16]
• Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.

• The South China Sea is the setting for several ongoing disputes between regional powers including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei.
• Japan claims an EEZ around Okinotorishima, but this is disputed by China, Taiwan, and South Korea, who claim it is an islet which is incapable of generating an EEZ.

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.^[17]

• The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
• In 1992, the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case, which centred on the EEZ around the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, was decided by an arbitral tribunal that concurred on the whole with the arguments put forth by Canada. France was awarded 18% of the area it had originally claimed.
• In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.^[18][19]
• In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.^[20]
• In 2010, a dispute between Norway and Russia about both territorial waters and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status was resolved. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.^[21] The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010.^[22]
• In 2014, the Netherlands and Germany resolved an old border dispute regarding the exact location of the border in the Dollart Bay.^[23][24]

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.^[25] Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.^[26]

Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018.^[27][28] The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones,^[29] The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018.^[30] The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.

On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics, and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution.^[31]

On 20 June 2019, a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy^[32] and the Spanish embassy in Algiers^[33] to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone.

Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km². The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km².

Australia's exclusive economic zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.^[34][35] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with a total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.^[36][37] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,^[38] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.^[37]

Region	EEZ Area (km2)[37]
Mainland Australia (5 States and 3 Territories of the Australian Federation), Tasmania, and other minor islands	6,048,681
Macquarie Island	471,837
Christmas Island	463,371
Norfolk Island	428,618
Heard Island and McDonald Islands	410,722
Cocos Islands	325,021
Australian Antarctic Territory	2,000,000[note 1]
Total	8,148,250

Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands.

Region	EEZ Area (km2)[39]
Mainland Brazil (9 States of the Brazilian Federation)	2,570,917
Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands	468,599
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago	413,636
Fernando de Noronha Islands	363,362
Total	3,830,955

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km² (2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.^[40] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nmi (560 km) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago.

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands.

Region	EEZ Area (km2)[41]	Land Area (km2)	Total
Mainland Chile	1,987,371	755,757	2,743,128
Easter Island	720,412	164	720,576
Juan Fernández Islands	502,524	100	502,624
Desventuradas Islands	449,836	5	449,841
Total	3,660,143	756,102.4	4,416,245.4

In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims.^{[clarification needed]}

Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia.^[45][46] Territorial waters has 18,981 km², while internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12,498 km², and EEZ covers 24,482 km² for a total of 55,961 km².

Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those of Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt.

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)[47]	Land area	Total
Denmark	105 989	42 506	149 083
Faroe Islands	260 995	1 399	262 394
Greenland	2,184,254	2,166,086	4,350,340
Total	2,551,238	2,210,579	4,761,817

Area: 1,077,231 km²

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,691,000 km² (4,514,000 sq mi).^[48] The EEZ of France covers approximately 7% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth.

Germany declared the establishment of its exclusive economic zone in the North and Baltic Seas on 1 January 1995.^[49] The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the EEZ include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, and prior to that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) from 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz).

The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km². About 70% of the EEZ covers Germany's entire North Sea area, while some 29% encompasses the Baltic Sea area.^[50]

Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea.^[51] The largest islands are Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios.

Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy, to the south by Libya and Egypt, and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey.

EEZ Area of Greece^[52]

Territory	km2	sq mi	Notes
Total	505,572	195,202

EEZ	Area (km2)
Mainland India (9 states and 2 union territories) and Lakshadweep union territory	1,641,514 km2
Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory	663,629 km2
Total	2,305,143 km2

India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.^[53]

Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is 6,159,032 km² (2,378,016 sq mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.^[54] It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea. There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups.

Ireland's exclusive economic zone was reported to be the location of a Russian military exercise in January 2022.^[55] Russia's exercise was then moved outside the economic zone.^[56]

In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross-border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.

Italy has an EEZ of 541,915 km² (209,235 sq mi).^[52] The country claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores, and its three coastlines are the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Italy's EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the northwest, east and southeast.

Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, including the island of Sardinia. The island of Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa, a tiny island in the Mediterranean Sea, is the country's southernmost point. Italy shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Malta, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia.

Japan has the world's eighth-largest exclusive economic zone, covering 4,479,674 km² (1,729,612 sq mi).^[57] It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores.

EEZ Areas of Japan

Region	EEZ Area (km2)	EEZ Area (sq mi)
Ryukyu Islands	1,394,676	538,487
Pacific Ocean (Japan)	1,162,334	448,780
Nanpō Islands	862,782	333,122
Sea of Japan	630,721	243,523
Minami-Tori-shima	428,875	165,590
Sea of Okhotsk	235	91
Daitō Islands	44	17
Senkaku Islands	7	2.7
Total[note 2]	4,479,674	1,729,612

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project^[58][59][60] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions.

Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.

Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3,269,386 km²,^[52] and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.

New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km² (1,576,742 sq mi),^[61][62] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km².^[63] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency).

The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan.^[64] The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders.^[65] The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.^[66]

In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.^[67] The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.^[68]

In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped.^[69] The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.^[70] Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.^[69]

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km² around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km², including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.^[71]

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of the shelf in the Barents Sea.^[72]

Region	EEZ and Territorial Waters Area (km2)	Land Area (km2)	Total (km2)
Mainland Norway	1,273,482	323,802	1,597,284
Svalbard	402,574	61,002	463,576
Jan Mayen	273,118	373	273,491
Bouvet Island	436,004	49	436,053
Total	2,385,178	385,226	2,770,404

Area: 290,000 square kilometres (110,000 sq mi)

The coast of Pakistan is 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) long, extending from Sir Creek in the east to Gwatar Bay in the west and the EEZ extends up to 290,000 square kilometres (110,000 sq mi) which is equivalent to more than 30% of its land area and ranks sixty-sixth in the world by area.

Pakistan had an EEZ of 240,000 square kilometres (93,000 sq mi) before their case was accepted by UNCLCS. Pakistan Navy with the help of the National Oceanographic Organization (NIO) initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995.

On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member sub-commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Denmark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate the technical details of Pakistan's case and after a year accepted Pakistan's claim.

On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan's case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised.

It was a historic event in the country's history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm.

Some of the claimed territories overlapped the Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman.

Area: 857,000 km^2[73]

The Philippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 km² (874,064 sq mi).^[75]

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km² (11,789 sq mi) within the Baltic Sea.^[76]

Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:

• Continental Portugal 327,667 km²
• Azores 953,633 km²
• Madeira 446,108 km²
• Total : 1,727,408 km²

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2.15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009,^[78] resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km². The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.

Spain previously objected to the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain has no longer disputed the Portuguese claim since 2015.^[79][80]

Area: 23,627 km²

Russia's exclusive economic zone, the world's fourth largest, is composed of:

• Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km²
• Saint Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km²
• Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km²
• Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km²
• Pacific – 3,419,202 km²
• Siberia – 3,277,292 km²
• Total – 8,095,881 km^2[81]

Area: 158,861 km²

Area: 825,052 km²

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km².^[52]

• Mainland – 1,068,659 km²
• Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km²

Area: 300,851 (225,214) km²

Area: 1,039,233 km²

Area: 299,397 km²

Turkey's EEZ is bordered by Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria in the Black Sea to the north, Greece in the Aegean Sea to the west, and Cyprus and Syria in the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signed UNCLOS and disputes Greece's and Cyprus' EEZ.

The United Kingdom has the world's fifth-largest exclusive economic zone of 6,805,586 km² (2,627,651 sq mi) square km. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom,^[83] the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.

The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a part of its territory.

The EEZ areas of the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories (in decreasing size)^[52]

Territory	EEZ Area (km2)	EEZ Area (sq mi)	Notes
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	1,449,532	559,667	Disputed with  Argentina.
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands	836,108	322,823
United Kingdom	773,676	298,718	Including the  Isle of Man.
Tristan da Cunha†	754,720	291,400	Including Gough Island.
British Indian Ocean Territory	638,568	246,552	Disputed with  Mauritius.
Falkland Islands	550,872	212,693	Disputed with  Argentina.
Bermuda	450,370	173,890
Saint Helena†	444,916	171,783
Ascension Island†	441,658	170,525
Turks and Caicos Islands	154,068	59,486
Cayman Islands	119,137	45,999
Anguilla	92,178	35,590
British Virgin Islands	80,117	30,933
Channel Islands	11,658	4,501	Including  Guernsey and  Jersey.
Montserrat	7,582	2,927
Gibraltar	426	164	Disputed with  Spain.
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	0	0	No EEZ area. The relevant EEZ areas around Cyprus Island are claimed by the  Republic of Cyprus[84] and  Northern Cyprus.[85]
Total	6,805,586	2,627,651

^† A part of the overseas territory of  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km². Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.

The EEZ (including territorial sea) areas of the territories of the U.S. (in decreasing size)^[86]

Territory	EEZ Area (km2)	EEZ Area (sq mi)	Notes
Alaska	3,770,021	1,455,613	A non-contiguous state in the northwest extremity of the North American continent.
Hawaii – Northwestern Islands	1,579,538	609,863	Including Midway Atoll, these islands form the Leeward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. East Coast	915,763	353,578	The mainland coastal states of the Eastern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the Atlantic Coast of Florida.
Hawaii – Southeastern Islands	895,346	345,695	These islands form the Windward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. West Coast	825,549	318,746	The mainland coastal states of the Western United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of California, Oregon, Washington.
Northern Mariana Islands	749,268	289,294	An organized, unincorporated, Commonwealth of the United States.
U.S. Gulf Coast	707,832	273,295	The mainland coastal states of the Southern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Gulf Coast of Florida
Johnston Atoll	442,635	170,902	A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Howland and Baker Islands	434,921	167,924	Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Wake Island	407,241	157,237	A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
American Samoa	404,391	156,136	The only inhabited, unorganized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef	352,300	136,000	Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Jarvis Island	316,665	122,265	A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Guam	221,504	85,523	An organized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
Puerto Rico	177,685	68,605	An organized, unincorporated, Commonwealth of the United States.
U.S. Virgin Islands	33,744	13,029	An organized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
Navassa Island	N/A[note 3]	N/A[note 3]	A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.[note 4]
Total	11,351,000	4,383,000

Note, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square km and 4,723,705 square miles.

Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 1,395,096 km² (538,650 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles from its shores.^[90][91] These figures do not include the claimed EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has disputes mainly with the People's Republic of China due to the nine-dash line.

This list includes dependent territories (including uninhabited territories) within their sovereign states, but does not include various claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes territorial land and internal waters.

Rank	Country	EEZ km2[52]	Shelf km2	EEZ+TIA km2
1	United States[note 5]	12,234,403	2,193,526	22,067,923
2	France[note 6]	10,186,624	725,297	12,416,921
3	Australia[note 7]	9,025,053	2,194,008	16,197,464
4	Russia	7,566,673	3,817,843	24,664,915
5	United Kingdom[note 8]	6,805,586	872,891	7,048,486
6	Indonesia	6,159,032	2,039,381	8,063,601
7	Canada	5,599,077	2,644,795	15,607,077
8	Japan	4,479,388	214,976	4,857,318
9	New Zealand[note 9]	4,420,565[61][62][92]	272,898[61][62][92]	4,688,285[93][94]
10	Brazil	3,830,955	774,563	12,345,832
11	Chile	3,681,989	252,947	4,431,381
12	Kiribati	3,441,810	7,523	3,442,536
13	Mexico	3,269,386	419,102	5,141,968
14	Federated States of Micronesia	2,996,419	19,403	2,997,121
15	Denmark[note 10]	2,551,238	495,657	4,761,811
16	Papua New Guinea	2,402,288	191,256	2,865,128
17	Norway[note 11]	2,385,178	434,020	2,770,404
18	India	2,305,143	402,996	5,592,406
19	Marshall Islands	1,990,530	18,411	1,990,711
–	Cook Islands[note 12]	1,960,027	1,213	1,960,267
20	Portugal[note 13]	1,727,408	28,000	1,819,498
21	Philippines	1,590,780	272,921	1,890,780
22	Solomon Islands	1,589,477	36,282	1,618,373
23	South Africa	1,535,538	156,337	2,756,575
24	Seychelles	1,336,559	39,063	1,337,014
25	Mauritius	1,284,997	29,061	1,287,037
26	Fiji	1,282,978	47,705	1,301,250
27	Madagascar	1,225,259	101,505	1,812,300
28	Argentina	1,159,063	856,346	3,939,463[note 14]
29	Ecuador	1,077,231	41,034	1,333,600
30	Spain	1,039,233	77,920	1,545,225
31	Maldives	923,322	34,538	923,622
32	Peru	906,454	82,000	2,191,670
33	China	960,556	231,340	10,556,980
34	Somalia	825,052	55,895	1,462,709
35	Colombia	808,158	53,691	1,949,906
36	Cape Verde	800,561	5,591	804,594
37	Iceland	751,345	108,015	854,345
38	Tuvalu	749,790	3,575	749,816
39	Vanuatu	663,251	11,483	675,440
40	Tonga	659,558	8,517	660,305
41	Bahamas	654,715	106,323	668,658
42	Palau	603,978	2,837	604,437
43	Mozambique	578,986	94,212	1,380,576
44	Morocco	575,230	115,157	1,287,780
45	Costa Rica	574,725	19,585	625,825
46	Namibia	564,748	86,698	1,388,864
47	Yemen	552,669	59,229	1,080,637
48	Italy	541,915	116,834	843,251
49	Oman	533,180	59,071	842,680
50	Myanmar	532,775	220,332	1,209,353
51	Sri Lanka	532,619	32,453	598,229
52	Angola	518,433	48,092	1,765,133
53	Greece	505,572	81,451	637,529
54	South Korea	475,469	342,522	575,469
55	Venezuela	471,507	98,500	1,387,950
56	Vietnam	417,663	365,198	748,875
57	Ireland	410,310	139,935	480,583
58	Libya	351,589	64,763	2,111,129
59	Cuba	350,751	61,525	460,637
60	Panama	335,646	53,404	411,163
61	Malaysia	334,671	323,412	665,474
–	Niue[note 12]	316,584	284	316,844
62	Nauru	308,480	41	308,501
63	Equatorial Guinea	303,509	7,820	331,560
64	Thailand	299,397	230,063	812,517
65	Pakistan	290,000	51,383	1,117,911
66	Egypt	263,451	61,591	1,265,451
67	Turkey	261,654	56,093	1,045,216
68	Jamaica	258,137	9,802	269,128
69	Dominican Republic	255,898	10,738	304,569
70	Liberia	249,734	17,715	361,103
71	Honduras	249,542	68,718	362,034
72	Tanzania	241,888	25,611	1,186,975
73	Ghana	235,349	22,502	473,888
74	Saudi Arabia	228,633	107,249	2,378,323
75	Nigeria	217,313	42,285	1,141,081
76	Sierra Leone	215,611	28,625	287,351
77	Gabon	202,790	35,020	470,458
78	Barbados	186,898	426	187,328
79	Côte d'Ivoire	176,254	10,175	498,717
80	Iran	168,718	118,693	1,797,468
81	Mauritania	165,338	31,662	1,190,858
82	Comoros	163,752	1,526	165,987
83	Sweden	160,885	154,604	602,255
84	Senegal	158,861	23,092	355,583
85	Netherlands[note 15]	154,011	77,246	192,345
86	Ukraine	147,318	79,142	750,818
87	Uruguay	142,166	75,327	318,381
88	Guyana	137,765	50,578	352,734
89	São Tomé and Príncipe	131,397	1,902	132,361
90	Samoa	127,950	2,087	130,781
91	Suriname	127,772	53,631	291,592
92	Haiti	126,760	6,683	154,510
93	Algeria	126,353	9,985	2,508,094
94	Nicaragua	123,881	70,874	254,254
95	Guinea-Bissau	123,725	39,339	159,850
96	Bangladesh	118,813	66,438	267,273
97	Kenya	116,942	11,073	697,309
98	Guatemala	114,170	14,422	223,059
99	North Korea	113,888[95][96]	50,337[95][96]	234,428[97]
100	Antigua and Barbuda	110,089	4,128	110,531
101	Tunisia	101,857	67,126	265,467
102	Cyprus	98,707	4,042	107,958
103	El Salvador	90,962	16,852	112,003
104	Finland[note 16]	87,171	85,109	425,590
105	Republic of China (Taiwan)	83,231	43,016	119,419
106	Eritrea	77,728	61,817	195,328
107	Trinidad and Tobago	74,199	25,284	79,329
108	East Timor	70,326	25,648	85,200
109	Sudan	68,148	19,827	1,954,216
110	Cambodia	62,515	62,515	243,550
111	Guinea	59,426	44,755	305,283
112	Croatia	59,032	50,277	115,626
113	United Arab Emirates	58,218	57,474	141,818
114	Germany	57,485	57,485	414,599
115	Malta	54,823	5,301	55,139
116	Estonia	36,992	36,992	82,219
117	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	36,302	1,561	36,691
118	Belize	35,351	13,178	58,317
119	Bulgaria	34,307	10,426	145,186
120	Benin	33,221	2,721	145,843
121	Qatar	31,590	31,590	43,176
122	Republic of the Congo	31,017	7,982	373,017
123	Poland	29,797	29,797	342,482
124	Dominica	28,985	659	29,736
125	Latvia	28,452	27,772	93,011
126	Grenada	27,426	2,237	27,770
127	Israel	26,352	3,745	48,424
128	Romania	23,627	19,303	262,018
129	Gambia	23,112	5,581	34,407
130	Georgia	21,946	3,243	91,646
131	Lebanon	19,516	1,067	29,968
132	Cameroon	16,547	11,420	491,989
133	Saint Lucia	15,617	544	16,156
134	Albania	13,691	6,979	42,439
135	Togo	12,045	1,265	68,830
136	Kuwait	11,026	11,026	28,844
137	Syria	10,503	1,085	195,683
138	Bahrain	10,225	10,225	10,975
139	Brunei	10,090	8,509	15,855
140	Saint Kitts and Nevis	9,974	653	10,235
141	Montenegro	7,745	3,896	21,557
142	Djibouti	7,459	3,187	30,659
143	Lithuania	7,031	7,031	72,331
144	Belgium	3,447	3,447	33,975
145	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1,606	1,593	2,346,464
146	Singapore	1,067	1,067	1,772
147	Iraq	771	771	439,088
148	Monaco	288	2	290
149	Palestine	256	256	6,276
150	Slovenia	220	220	20,493
151	Jordan	166	59	89,508
152	Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	50	51,259
–	Kazakhstan			2,724,900
–	Mongolia			1,564,100
–	Chad			1,284,000
–	Niger			1,267,000
–	Mali			1,240,192
–	Ethiopia			1,104,300
–	Bolivia			1,098,581
–	Zambia			752,612
–	Afghanistan			652,090
–	Central African Republic			622,984
–	South Sudan			619,745
–	Botswana			582,000
–	Turkmenistan			488,100
–	Uzbekistan			447,400
–	Paraguay			406,752
–	Zimbabwe			390,757
–	Burkina Faso			274,222
–	Uganda			241,038
–	Laos			236,800
–	Belarus			207,600
–	Kyrgyzstan			199,951
–	Nepal			147,181
–	Tajikistan			143,100
–	Malawi			118,484
–	Hungary			93,028
–	Azerbaijan			86,600
–	Austria			83,871
–	Czech Republic			78,867
–	Serbia			77,474
–	Slovakia			49,035
–	Switzerland			41,284
–	Bhutan			38,394
–	Moldova			33,846
–	Lesotho			30,355
–	Armenia			29,743
–	Burundi			27,834
–	Rwanda			26,338
–	North Macedonia			25,713
–	Eswatini			17,364
–	Luxembourg			2,586
–	Andorra			468
–	Liechtenstein			160
–	San Marino			61
–	Vatican City			0.44
Total	United Nations	137,926,515	25,149,113	274,891,722

• Air defense identification zone
• Baseline
• Continental shelf
• International waters
• R v Marshall
• Special economic zone
• Territorial waters
• Open Balkan
• Craiovia Group
• CEFTA

Works cited:

• Suk Kyoon Kim (2017). Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34422-8.
• Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003). "Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 27 (2): 175–204. doi:10.1353/apr.2003.0024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.
• Prescott, John Robert Victor; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). Furness, Shelagh (ed.). "Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean". Maritime Briefing. 3 (1). Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham. ISBN 978-1-897643-43-3.
• Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009). "Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia". In Seoung Yong Hong, Jon M.; Van Dyke (eds.). Maritime Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 39–76. ISBN 978-90-04-17343-9.

• Interactive map at MarineRegions.org, showing boundaries and disputes
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Part V
• Sea Around Us Project – View the EEZ of all countries (note that this website does not distinguish between the territorial seas and the EEZs, therefore it tends to overstate the EEZ areas. See: EEZ AREA MEASURE)
• The USA zone since 1977
• GIS data: VLIZ.be
• Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead? by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)
• EEZ Management