Ivabradine

Ivabradine
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ɪˈvæbrədiːn/
Trade namesCorlanor, Procoralan, others
Other namesS-16257
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa615027
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability40%
Protein binding70%
MetabolismLiver (first-pass) >50%, CYP3A4-mediated
Elimination half-life6 hours
ExcretionKidney and fecal
Identifiers
  • 3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-2-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC27H36N2O5
Molar mass468.594 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C2N(CCc1cc(OC)c(OC)cc1C2)CCCN(C[C@@H]4c3cc(OC)c(OC)cc3C4)C
  • InChI=1S/C27H36N2O5/c1-28(17-21-11-20-14-25(33-4)26(34-5)16-22(20)21)8-6-9-29-10-7-18-12-23(31-2)24(32-3)13-19(18)15-27(29)30/h12-14,16,21H,6-11,15,17H2,1-5H3/t21-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:ACRHBAYQBXXRTO-OAQYLSRUSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Ivabradine, sold under the brand name Procoralan among others, is a medication, which is a pacemaker current (If) inhibitor, used for the symptomatic management of heart-related chest pain and heart failure. Patients who qualify for use of ivabradine for coronary heart failure are patients who have symptomatic heart failure, with reduced ejection volume, and heart rate at least 70 bpm, and the condition not able to be fully managed by beta blockers.[3]

Ivabradine acts by allowing negative chronotropy in the sinoatrial structure, thus reducing the heart rate via specific inhibition of the pacemaker current. It operates by a mechanism different from that of beta blockers and calcium channel blockers, which are two commonly prescribed antianginal classes of cardiac drugs. Ivabradine has no apparent inotropic properties and may be a cardiotonic agent.

Medical uses

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It is used for the symptomatic treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris in patients with normal sinus rhythm who cannot take beta blockers. It is also being used off-label in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST).[4] Ivabradine stands as a pharmacological option for controlling HR and rhythm without associated side effects in postoperative CABG patients with IST.[5]

Chest pain

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Ivabradine is as effective as the beta blocker atenolol and comparable with amlodipine in the management of chronic stable angina, as demonstrated by improvements in total exercise duration in non-inferiority trials, hence it can be an alternative therapy for those who cannot tolerate conventional therapies.[6][7] In people not sufficiently managed with beta blockers for their angina, adding ivabradine can further reduce heart rate and improve total exercise duration.[8]

Heart failure

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It is used in combination with beta blockers in people with heart failure with LVEF lower than 35 percent inadequately controlled by beta blockers alone and whose heart rate exceeds 70 beats per minute.[9] In people not sufficiently managed with beta blockers for their heart failure adding ivabradine decreases the risk of hospitalization for heart failure.[3]

Tachycardia

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The clinical use of ivabradine is predicated on its mechanism of action on sinoatrial nodal tissue where it selectively inhibits the funny current (If) and results in a decrease in heart rate.[10]

Ivabradine’s most frequent application in electrophysiology is for the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Its use for inappropriate sinus tachycardia is not a European Medicines Agency or Food and Drug Administration approved indication for ivabradine.[10]

It has been used experimentally for the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients with long COVID.[11] It was used for POTS prior to this too. Many cardiologists have found success with this in their POTS patients.

Contraindications

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Ivabradine is contraindicated in sick sinus syndrome. It should also not be used concomitantly with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, including azole antifungals (such as ketoconazole), macrolide antibiotics, nefazodone and the antiretroviral drugs nelfinavir and ritonavir.[12]

Use of ivabradine with verapamil or diltiazem is contraindicated.[13]

Adverse effects

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Overall, 14.5% of patients taking ivabradine experience luminous phenomena (by patients described as sensations of enhanced brightness in a fully maintained visual field). This is probably due to blockage of Ih ion channels in the retina, which are very similar to cardiac If. These symptoms are mild, transient, and fully reversible. In clinical studies, about 1% of all patients had to discontinue the drug because of these sensations, which occurred on average 40 days after the drug was started.[6]

In a large clinical trial, bradycardia (unusually slow heart rate) occurred in 2% and 5% of patients taking ivabradine at doses of 7.5 and 10 mg respectively (compared to 4.3% in those taking atenolol).[6] Headaches were reported in 2.6 to 4.8 percent of cases.[6] Other common adverse drug reactions (1–10% of patients) include first-degree AV block, ventricular extrasystoles, dizziness and/or blurred vision.[14]

Mechanism of action

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Ivabradine acts on the If (f is for "funny", so called because it had unusual properties compared with other current systems known at the time of its discovery) ion current, which is highly expressed in the sinoatrial node. If is a mixed Na+–K+ inward current activated by hyperpolarization and modulated by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of the most important ionic currents for regulating pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial (SA) node. Ivabradine selectively inhibits the pacemaker If current in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking this channel reduces cardiac pacemaker activity, selectively slowing the heart rate and allowing more time for blood to flow to the myocardium.[15][16] By inhibiting the If channel, ivabradine reduces the heart rate and workload on the heart. This is relevant in the usage of the medication to treat angina as well as congestive heart failure. This is in contrast to other commonly used rate-reducing medications, such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, which not only reduce heart rate, but also the cardiac contractility. Given the selective decrease in rate without loss of contractility, ivabradine may prove efficacious for treatment of congestive heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Ivabradine binds to HCN4 receptors (potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4), utilizing Y506, F509 and I510 residues.[17]

Clinical trials

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Coronary artery disease

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The BEAUTIFUL study randomised over 10917 patients having stable coronary artery disease and left ventricle dysfunction (ejection fraction < 40%). Ivabradine did not show a significant reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, and admission to hospital for new onset or worsening heart failure. However, in a prespecified subgroup of patients with a baseline heart rate of more than 70 bpm, ivabradine significantly reduced the following secondary endpoints:[18]

  • Coronary events by 22% (P=0.023)
  • Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction by 36% (P=0.001)
  • Coronary revascularization by 30% (P=0.016).

These results were seen in combination therapy with beta blockers, and were found to be safe and effective in improving coronary artery disease outcomes in patients with heart rates of 70 bpm or more.[19]

The SIGNIFY trial randomised 19102 patients with stable coronary artery disease and an elevated heart rate greater than 70 beats per minute were assigned to an intervention of ivabradine or placebo in addition to standard therapy. Ivabradine did not significantly improve the secondary outcomes in patient groups, however did demonstrate a reduction in heart rate. When compared to the SHIFT study, a reduction in cardiovascular death or hospital admission was also demonstrated and hence should be considered when additional therapy is in question.[20][21]

Chronic heart failure

[edit]

In the SHIFT study, ivabradine significantly reduced the risk of the primary composite endpoint of hospitalization for worsening heart failure or cardiovascular death by 18% (P<0.0001) compared with placebo on top of optimal therapy.[22] These benefits were observed after 3 months of treatment. SHIFT also showed that administration of ivabradine to heart failure patients significantly reduced the risk of death from heart failure by 26% (P=0.014) and hospitalization for heart failure by 26% (P<0.0001). The improvements in outcomes were observed throughout all prespecified subgroups: female and male, with or without beta-blockers at randomization, patients below and over 65 years of age, with heart failure of ischemic or non-ischemic etiology, NYHA class II or class III, IV, with or without diabetes, and with or without hypertension.[23] A 2020 Cochrane review found no difference in cardiovascular mortality and serious adverse events between long-term treatment with ivabradine and placebo/usual care/no treatment in participants with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction.[24]

A note of caution must be emphasised. Ivabradine, though indicated for chronic heart failure in patients who are clinically stable, is not indicated in acute heart failure where the enhanced heart rate represents cardiac reserve. Indiscriminate use of Ivabradine could destabilise these patients.

Society and culture

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Approval

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Ivabradine was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2005, and by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2015.[25]

Alleged conflict of interest

[edit]

According to a documentary and article of the Danish media channel TV2 in September 2024, a former president of the European Society of Cardiology during 2006-2008, professor Kim Fox, had a conflict of interest in relation to clinical trials of ivabradine and his recommendation of ivabradine based on the trials. According to TV2, Fox and his partner founded a company, Heart Research Ltd., which performed clinical trials and received payments from the pharmaceutical industry, allowing them to extract a total profit of 500 million DKK (67 million euro) during 2003-2015, mostly from a cooperation with the French pharmaceutical company Servier. According to TV2's research of financial statements of the company, in the period of 2004-2006, the couple received a salary of over 20 million DKK (2.7 million euro) from their company, while during the same period, Kim Fox was chairman of the taskforce recommending ivabradine, and as president of the European Society of Cardiology, he also had the role of presenting the research results and recommending ivabradin as a "gold standard" treatment at a European cardiological conference in 2008. Karsten Juhl Jørgensen, professor of medicine and conflict of interests expert at Odense University and the Nordic Cochrane Centre,[26] commented that the conflict of interest was "probably the largest he had seen". Danish chief physician Niels Holmark Andersen commented that Fox' conflict of interest was of an "oligarchal magnitude" and "the mother of all conflicts of interests" because Fox was involved in all parts of the process, that the clinical results did not sustain claims of the superiority of the medication which has serious adverse effect, and further that Servier had marketed ivabradine "aggressively" and offered physicians exclusive trips to castles in France to promote the medication during the decade of 2000-2010.[27]

Names

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It is marketed by Amgen under the brand name Corlanor in the United States,[28] and by Servier in the rest of the world under the brand names Procoralan (worldwide), Coralan (in Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia and some other countries), Corlentor (in Armenia, Spain, Italy and Romania), Lancora (in Canada) and Coraxan (in Russia and Serbia). It is also marketed in India under the brand names Ivabrad, Ivabid. In Iran it's sold under the brand name "bradix" . IVAMAC and Bradia. During its development, ivabradine was known as S-16257.

References

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  1. ^ "Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2016 Highlights". Health Canada. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  2. ^ "Procoralan EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 October 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. (September 2016). "2016 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America". Circulation. 134 (13): e282–e293. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000435. PMID 27208050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  4. ^ Yusuf S, Camm AJ (June 2003). "Sinus tachyarrhythmias and the specific bradycardic agents: a marriage made in heaven?". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8 (2): 89–105. doi:10.1177/107424840300800202. PMID 12808482. S2CID 25305128.
  5. ^ Bhatt P, Bhavsar N, Naik D, Shah D (1 July 2021). "Comparative effectiveness of metoprolol, ivabradine, and its combination in the management of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in coronary artery bypass graft patients". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 53 (4): 264–269. doi:10.4103/ijp.IJP_478_19. PMC 8411959. PMID 34414903.
  6. ^ a b c d Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K (December 2005). "Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina". European Heart Journal. 26 (23): 2529–2536. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi586. PMID 16214830.
  7. ^ Ruzyllo W, Tendera M, Ford I, Fox KM (2007). "Antianginal efficacy and safety of ivabradine compared with amlodipine in patients with stable effort angina pectoris: a 3-month randomised, double-blind, multicentre, noninferiority trial". Drugs. 67 (3): 393–405. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767030-00005. PMID 17335297. S2CID 25325838.
  8. ^ Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T (March 2009). "Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". European Heart Journal. 30 (5): 540–548. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn571. PMC 2649284. PMID 19136486.
  9. ^ McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, et al. (July 2012). "ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC". European Heart Journal. 33 (14): 1787–1847. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104. PMID 22611136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  10. ^ a b "The Clinical Use of Ivabradine". American College of Cardiology. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  11. ^ O'Sullivan JS, Lyne A, Vaughan CJ (June 2021). "COVID-19-induced postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated with ivabradine". BMJ Case Reports. 14 (6): e243585. doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-243585. PMC 8204164. PMID 34127505.
  12. ^ "European Medicine Agency, Procoralan Summary of Product Characteristics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  13. ^ "Press release: European Medicines Agency recommends measures to reduce risk of heart problems with Corlentor/Procoralan (ivabradine)". European Medicines Agency. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  14. ^ Anonymous (2006). "New medicines: Procoralan". Pharmaceutical Journal. 276 (7386): 131. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
  15. ^ Thollon C, Cambarrat C, Vian J, Prost JF, Peglion JL, Vilaine JP (May 1994). "Electrophysiological effects of S 16257, a novel sino-atrial node modulator, on rabbit and guinea-pig cardiac preparations: comparison with UL-FS 49". British Journal of Pharmacology. 112 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13025.x. PMC 1910295. PMID 8032660.
  16. ^ Sulfi S, Timmis AD (February 2006). "Ivabradine -- the first selective sinus node I(f) channel inhibitor in the treatment of stable angina". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00817.x. PMC 1448693. PMID 16451297.
  17. ^ Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, Nardini M, Barbuti A, Micheloni S, Bolognesi M, et al. (2013). "Identification of the molecular site of ivabradine binding to HCN4 channels". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e53132. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853132B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053132. PMC 3537762. PMID 23308150.
  18. ^ Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R (September 2008). "Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 372 (9641): 807–816. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61170-8. PMID 18757088. S2CID 26282333.
  19. ^ Borovac JA, Kowalski M, Pericic TP, Vidak M, Schwarz K, D'Amario D, et al. (May 2022). "Clinical use of ivabradine in the acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of current evidence". American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 17: 100158. doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100158. ISSN 2666-6022. PMC 10978351. PMID 38559878. S2CID 249941448.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  20. ^ Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tendera M, Ferrari R (September 2014). "Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (12): 1091–1099. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406430. hdl:20.500.11820/d9aed159-0654-4fa1-a6d9-8c5fb6dd325a. PMID 25176136. S2CID 19002896.
  21. ^ Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. (September 2010). "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet. 376 (9744): 875–885. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61198-1. PMID 20801500. S2CID 21196422.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  22. ^ Stiles S. "SHIFT: Adding HR-slowing agent ivabradine to HF meds cuts mortality, hospitalization". TheHeart.org. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  23. ^ Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al. (September 2010). "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet. 376 (9744): 875–885. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1. PMID 20801500. S2CID 21196422.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  24. ^ Benstoem C, Kalvelage C, Breuer T, Heussen N, Marx G, Stoppe C, et al. (November 2020). "Ivabradine as adjuvant treatment for chronic heart failure". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (11): CD013004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013004.pub2. PMC 8094176. PMID 33147368.
  25. ^ "FDA approves Corlanor to treat heart failure". www.fda.gov (Press release). Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  26. ^ "Karsten Juhl Jørgensen, research profile". University of Southern Denmark. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  27. ^ Høj L (25 September 2024). "Toplæge har tjent en halv milliard kroner på medicinalfirma (Top physician earned half a billion kroner from pharmaceutical company)". TV 2. Retrieved 25 September 2024.|(in Danish)
  28. ^ "Amgen and Servier announce product collaboration". www.servier.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
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