Khalil Dabbagh

Major-General Khalil Jassim Dabbagh or (Arabic: اللواء خليل جاسم الدباغ 1916–1969) was an Iraqi senior officer from the first era of the old Iraqi Army, the Commander of the Mosul zone, the Commander of the Light regiments Jash, the commander of the Iraqi commando units in the Iraqi army between 1963 and 1968, the commander of the fourth division 1966–1967. He was well known for his role in the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, for his letters and negotiations with the Israeli army officers,^[1] defending 'Ara, Ar'ara and other territories,^[2] and also setting up the Palestinian regiments. Additionally, he commanded a couple of campaigns and battles in northern Iraq against Kurdish rebels between 1943 and 1969, starting with The second Barzani movement, The third Barzani movement, The fourth Barzani movement, The Iraqi Campaign on Alquosh 1963 against communist elements and Kurd rebels allies known as Alansar army (جيش ألانصار) in Alqosh, during the First Iraqi–Kurdish War in the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict. Furthermore, driving other Campaigns against Kurdish insurgents under the command of Mustafa Barzani the most well known 1961 campaigns, 1963 campaigns, The campaign on Amadiya on 9 September 1965. Also, he played a major role in foiling the coup of Arif Abd ar-Razzaq in the Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup^[3] against the former president of Iraq Abdul Rahman Arif on 12 June 1966 which resulted in arresting Arif Abd ar-Razzaq as well as other officers at Mosul Airport.

Early life

Khalil Jassim was born in 1916 at his home town in Mosul, Ottoman Empire from a family who had a long profession in leather-working, leather trade and merchandise, that brought the family name 'Al-Dabbagh' which means a leather smith or leather merchandise in Arabic. His father Jassim participated in WWI on the Iraq front with the Ottoman army, he was injured and lost one of his legs during the combat operations south of Baghdad and stayed about a week before he was rescued by a British patrol then sent to the British military hospital in Basra where he was treated from his wounds.

Education

Khalil Jassim studied at the military school and military college in Baghdad. Graduated as a lieutenant at 1940, "graduation cycle 18 ".

Positions and achievements

The first participation of Khalil Jassim in combat was at the Anglo-Iraqi War when the coup of 1941 Iraqi coup d'état took place and followed by British air raids and attacks on the Iraqi army position near Habbaniya RAF Habbaniya. He showed a lot of courage and rescued his unit from dying from thirst after they lost their directions in the Iraqi desert near Fallujah after the heavy air raids. He ran for a very long distance alone and reached to some Bedouins and asked them for help and water to rescue his unit which they complied and sent with him a couple of horses and camels with water. In 1943, 1945, and 1947, he participated in the war in the north against the Kurdish rebels, Tyari and other communist elements with a rank of first lieutenant then captain at that time at the 1943 Barzani revolt, Third Barazani Movement and Fourth Barazani Movement. This war was a guerrilla warfare kind of war, it gained him and other officers a lot of experience and made him one of the most reliable Iraqi generals that would take place in the struggle of fighting Kurdish rebels and peshmerga in the future. He served with other Iraqi senior leaders in the north such Omer Ali and Gazi Al-Dagistani and others. He was involved in training many Arab officers from Libya, Jordan and Yemen, and exchanging the expertise with the Yemenis early officers who visited Iraq at that time in the Yemenis expedition 1947 led by Colonel Ahmed Al Thulya 'Later the leader of Yemen revolution 1955' to gain expertise from the Iraqi officers, who had gained this experience from the constant mountain guerrilla warfare.

He participated in WWII with the Iraqi army when Iraq declared war on the Axis powers in 1943 after cutting diplomatic ties. The Iraqi army played a role in protecting the logistic routes of the Allies, especially the military aid to the Soviet Union which used to arrive from Basra, Baghdad and Kirkuk.

In 1948–49, Iraq sent part of its forces to defend the Arab villages in the West Bank at the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Gazi Al-Dagistani appointed him as the leader of Wadi Ara and Ar'ara, then he became in charge of all the villages and towns in the region including Ara and Ar'ara, Ijzim and many other villages and towns. He was well known to the Israeli officers as he led many negotiations with them. and he organized the area defence in a way that David Ben-Gurion mentioned later after the war that the Israeli army and Alexandroni Brigade particularly, was unable to capture Wadi Ara and Ar'ara due to the strong defences in that region, which was obviously under Khaleel Jassim's leadership. Yet the Iraqi forces were replaced by the Jordanian forces later in 1949, and Jordan had to sign 1949 Armistice Agreements that gave Israel the control for those lands. He led many successful negotiations with the Israeli officers in the presence of Palestinian leaders in that region and helped the refugees to resettle. And his efforts were very much appreciated in that war by his commanding officers such as Omer Ali, and Gazi al-Dagistani and others. Also he was in charge of the Palestinian regiments and helped establish them such as Al-Karmel regiment which was financed and trained by the Iraqi army and other Arab nations, what came later to be known as the PLO.

After the war, he was promoted as major then lieutenant colonel. He was appointed as an intelligence officer for the Queen Alia brigade in Baghdad and helped to establish the first royal special forces. Later, in 1954, there was flood which hit Baghdad and Iraq in general. The army was called to rescue, and Khalil Jassim was one of those who participated in the flood relief. Khalil Jassim had no political activity in Iraq his loyalty was to the military establishment and to the country during all his military career. He did not participate in any of the coups or so called revolutions that the Iraqi army participated in, although he had very strong ties and connections to Abdul Salam Arif and other officers who took part in the struggle for power in Iraq before or after 14 July Revolution, The Iraqi army and army officers during their struggle for power were involved in many other movements after the overthrown of the monarchy such as 1959 Mosul uprising, Ramadan Revolution, Arif Abd ar-Razzaq first coup, and 17 July Revolution, he did not participate in any of those. Yet he played a major role in November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état when the army moved to clear the Ba'ath party militia from Baghdad districts, and he played also a major role in foiling Fayda movement 1963 and Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup 1966 and was able to capture the former prime minister who led the coup in Mosul airport .

Kurdistan Iraq war 1960–1970

Between 1961 and 1970 and after, general Abd al-Karim Qasim and his officers succeeded in their 14 of July 1958 Movement and the overthrow of the monarchy in Iraq. They pardoned Mulla Mustafa Barzani and agreed to bring him back from his exile in Soviet Union where he had resided since his defeat against the Iraqi and Iranian armies in 1943, 1945, 1947, at The second Barzani movement, The third Barzani movement. So he came back to Iraq with 600 of his followers and they were received as heroes in all the parts of Iraq. Yet, the honeymoon didn't last long between the government and the Barzani who asked for high demands which resulted of Qassim government refusal and soon they returned to arm and guerrilla warfare in the north of Iraq in 1961.

The Qasim government and later Abdul Salam Arif once again had to send the experienced Iraqi officers in the north to face the Kurdish movement, but this time the war was more bloody and brutal, and the Kurds received arms and logistic support from both Iran and Israel which made the operations for the Iraqi army harder specially when they were also communist elements that supported the Kurdish movement represented by Toma Tommas and others. Khalil jassim, was one of the key Iraqi officers in the north and he helped to establish the light regiments which are regiments consisted of Kurds who are loyal to Iraq government and opposing Barazani. Also, some regiments consist of other minorities in Iraq such as Assyrians and Yezidis, those regiments were named as Fursan salah alDien, and Fursan khalid bin al waleed, or what they used to be called as Jash or chatta. Also, he led many campaigns in the region such as the Iraqi campaign on Alqosh in June 1963, the campaign on Amadiya 1965, and he succeeded to restore the order in that region. He also led many other campaigns on Ain Zalah, Ankawa and also Rawandiz where the Barazani forces had sieged a large Iraqi force under the command of Saeed Hammo for more than two months were Khalil Jassim alongside the Kurdish Jash forces managed to break the siege and rescue the garrison. And he was described by a hero from Mustafa Barzani many times, during the negotiations with Iraqi government which happened every now and then although they were enemies on the battlefield.

After the Ba'ath Party second coup in 1968, Khalil Jassim went to retirement, but he passed away shortly afterwards in 1969. Later, there was a major purge against many Iraqi officers by the Baathist regime, and there was a last attempt to restore president Arif to power that was made by some of the army officers that saw danger from the Bath party coming to power and leading Iraq into dictatorship but this attempt failed to exist due to Khalil Jassim early death in 1969.

Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup

In June 1966 The former Iraqi prime minister Arif Abd ar-Razzaq and a group of Iraqi air force pilots with support from Syria and Egypt participated in a military coupe Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup to overthrow Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif after their first fail coup attempt to overthrow Abdul Salam Arif in 1965. They bombed many Iraqi military bases and air fields and tried to control of Mosul military bases and barracks including Al-ghizlani. The Iraqi president called Major General Khalil Jassim and colonel Abdul kareem Shindana and asked them to control the situation there and stop the air attacks on Iraqi military facilities. Khalil Jassim was head of the commandos Unit of the fourth Iraqi division at the time. He took control of Mosul military base and airport with assistant from Shindana and arrested all the pilots after dragging some of them from the planes while they attempt to flee. They were all arrested and sent back to Baghdad and thus the coup came to complete failure. Later after many years Khalil Jassim grandson Ghaith Khalil was targeted by some officers and pilots who were still loyal to Arif Abd ar-Razzaq in a Bedouin-political revenge with multiple assassination attempts which took place in Baghdad, Iraq between 1993 and 2000. Including colonel pilot Fahad Abdul khaliq and Mumtaz Al-Sadoon who were grandson of former prime minister Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun and Arif Abd ar-Razzaq loyalist from the Egyptian Nasiri Arabian political movement who adopt the Arabian nationalist ideology of the Egyptian former president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Again Khalil Jassim grandson Ghaith Khalil with help of his grandfather comrade in arms ^[4] was able to foil all their assassination attempts despite his young age and arrest one of the pilot officer Colonel Ahmed Fahad Al-Sadoon Son of colonel pilot Fahad Al-Sadoon who were also arrested in 1966 coupe as well as their cousins such Colonel Mumtaz Al-Sadoon and their sons, also some relatives to the former Iraqi prime minister Pilot Major-General Arif Abd ar-Razzaq. Later during the struggle Colonel Ahmed Fahad Al-Sadoon life was speared, when he Sought protection from Ghaith Khalil. The group of Iraqi army officers who came to aid their comrade in arms Khalil Jassim grandson were General AL-Ansari, the well known senior Iraqi General Saeed Hammo and their officers sons General Suhil Hammo.^[5]

Orders and Medals

Khalil Jassim received many orders and medals such as the Iraqi Order of Two Rivers and the Iraq Republican Order first class, Iraqi Bravery Medal many times after foiling Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup,^[6] the Rescue Medal, World War II Iraqi Medal, Iraqi WWII Victory Medal, Iraqi Service Medal, the coronation Medal, 1948 Palestine War Medal, 1941 May Movements Medal, Corporation 1967 Medal. After his death, he was awarded the Iraqi Army Golden Jubilee Medal, the Peace Medal, and the 18 November Movement Medal for participating in the November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état. Also, he received medals which were awarded to most of the officers in the Iraqi army such as the 14 July Revolution Medal, the Ramadan Revolution Medal and the 17 July Revolution Medal; yet, he did not participate in any of those movements or coups.

References

^ Israeli Defense Forces archive, report No. 60, Alexandroni Brigade, 12/07/1948
^ Israeli Defense Forces archive, report No. 61, Alexandroni Brigade, 13/07/1948
^ David Lea, A Political Chronology of the Middle East, Europa Publications Limited, 2001, page 73
^ الانعكاسات العشائرية لمحاولتي عارف عبد الرزاق في الجيش العراقي, ISBN 978-620-0-06646-6, غيث خليل
^ ISBN 9789957718039 أوراق اللواء خليل جاسم الدباغ
^ الأوسمة والأنواط العسكرية والمدنية وقوانينها في الدولة العراقية، د.م. غيث الدباغ، 2018، دار النور للنشر والتوزيع، 978-620-2-34789-1

[1] Israeli Defense Forces archive, report No. 60, Alexandroni Brigade, 12/07/1948

[2] Israeli Defense Forces archive, report No. 61, Alexandroni Brigade, 13/07/1948

[3] David Lea, A Political Chronology of the Middle East, Europa Publications Limited, 2001, page 73

[4] الانعكاسات العشائرية لمحاولتي عارف عبد الرزاق في الجيش العراقي, ISBN 978-620-0-06646-6, غيث خليل

[5] ISBN 9789957718039 أوراق اللواء خليل جاسم الدباغ

[6] الأوسمة والأنواط العسكرية والمدنية وقوانينها في الدولة العراقية، د.م. غيث الدباغ، 2018، دار النور للنشر والتوزيع، 978-620-2-34789-1

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v t e List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1910s	Italo-Turkish War World War I Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1920s	Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion
1930s	Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion
1940s	World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Al-Waziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War
1950s	1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising
1960s	Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen civil war Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970s	Black September in Jordan Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1980s	Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen civil war 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions
1990s	Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s	Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency
2010s	2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2020s	2021 Beirut clashes Israel–Hamas war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis
This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.