List of Chinese treaty ports

In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

I. Northern ports

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Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population
Niuzhuang, in the imperial Shengjing province, in Manchuria in accordance with the British Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; custom office opened 9 May 1864; 74,000
Qinhuangdao, in Zhili province, also in Manchuria in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898 opened 15 December 1901 5,000
Tianjin, also in Zhili in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860 opened May, 1861 750,000
Yantai, in Shandong in accordance with British and French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; opened March, 1862 100,000
Jiaozhou, also in Shangdong German Convention 6 March 1898 opened 1 July 1899.

II. Yangtze River ports

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Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population
Chongqing, in Sichuan province opened November 1890 702,000
Yichang, in Hubei in accordance with Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened 1 April 1877 50,000
Shashi, also in Hubei Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 opened 1 October 1876 C85,000
Changsha, in Hunan opened 1 July 1904 230,000
Yuezhou, also in Hunan imperial decree of 31 March 1898 opened 13 November 1899 20,000
Hankou, also in Hubei provincial regulations, 1861 opened January 1862 530,000
Jiujiang, in Jiangxi same regulations opened January 1862 36,000
Wuhu, in Anhui Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened 1 April 1877 123,000
Nanjing, in Jiangsu French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 opened 1 May 1899 261,000
Zhenjiang, also in Jiangsu British Treaty, 1858 opened April, 1861 170,000

III. Central ports

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Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population
Shanghai, in Jiangsu province Treaty of Nanking, 1842 opened officially 17 November 1843 651,000
Suzhou, also in Jiangsu Treaty of Shimonoseki opened 26 September 1896 500,000
Hangzhou, in Zhejiang Shimonoseki Treaty opened 26 September 1896 350,000
Ningbo, in Zhejiang Shimonoseki Treaty opened 26 September 1896 500,000
Wenzhou, also in Zhejiang Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened April, 1877 80,000

IV. South Coast ports

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Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population
Sandu'ao [zh], in Fujian province imperial decree of 31 March 1898 opened 1 May 1899 8000
Fuzhou, also in Fujian Nan-king Treaty, 1842 opened July, 1861 624,000
Amoy, also in Fujian Nan-king Treaty 1842; opened April, 1862 114,000
Guangzhou (Canton), in Guangdong province Nanking Treaty, 1842 opened October 1859 900,000
Kowloon, also in Guangdong; opened April, 1887
Lappa, again in Guangdong opened 27 June 1871
Kongmoon, in Guangdong opened 7 March 1904; 55,000
Sanshui, also in Guangdong Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897 opened 4 June 1897 5000
Shantou, also in Guangdong (customs house on Mayu Island) English, French, and American Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 opened January 1860; 65,000
Wu-chou, in Kwang-si province same convention opened 4 June 1897; 59,000
Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on Hainan Island in Guangdong French, and English Treaties of Tientsin, 1858 opened April, 1876 38,000
Pak-hoi, also in Guangdong Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened April, 1877; 20,000

V. Frontier ports

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Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Population
Longzhou, in Guangxi province French Treaty, 25 June 1887 opened 1 June 1899 12,000
Mengzi, in Yunnan French Treaty, 1887 opened 30 April 1889 15,000
Simao, also in Yunnan French Convention, 1895; British, 1896 opened 2 January 1897 15,000
Tengyue, also in Yunnan Convention of 4 February 1897 opened 8 May 1902; 10,000
Yadong, in (?) Tibet opened 1 May 1894
Nanning, also in Guangxi opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office.

According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

See also

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References

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 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

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  • Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168–176. online
  • Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010


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