Magyaron

Magyaron, also Magyarons[1][2][3] (Ukrainian: Мадярони, Belarusian: Мадзяроны,[4] Slovak: Maďarón, Russian: Мадяроны,[5] Rusyn: Мадяроны,[6] Polish: Madziaroni[7][8]), is the name of a Transcarpathian ethno-cultural group,[9][10] which has an openly Hungarian orientation.[11] They renounced their native language, culture and religion and promoted Magyarization of the Rusyn and Ukrainian population.[12] The Magyarons did not embrace the Ukrainian identity of the Ruthenians in Carpathian Ruthenia but maintained their separate Rusyn identity. From 1920 to 1940, the group promoted the idea of rejoining Subcarpathian Rus' to Hungary,[13][14] where about 185 000 ethnic Hungarians lived at the time.

History

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The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian", was used as a political pejorative term for pro-Hungarians, associated with national betrayal or treason, originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments and was used to describe magyarized Ruthenians, loyal to the Hungarian state.[15]

Magyarization conducted by Hungarian authorities were a principal factor in the emergence of the Magyarons,[16][17] but the Ruthenians were historically pro-Hungarian and sided with Rákóczi in Rákóczi's War of Independence. In fact, Ruthenians enjoyed collective privileges in the kingdom by law, which the Hungarians refused to abolish even against the wishes of Vienna.[18] In Hungarian society, the knowledge of German, Latin, or Hungarian (or in some regions Croatian) was a criteria to obtain education, occupy a high position and enjoy career advancement, or simply have means of subsistence.[19][20][13]

In time of Ukrainian Revolution, the Magyarons conducted activities against the accession of Transcarpathia to West Ukrainian People's Republic.[21][better source needed]

During World War II, Magyarons worked closely with the Hungarian government, attacked the Sichovyks (soldiers of Carpathian Sich) [22][23] and participated in torture and shootings of them.[24][13]

Pro-Hungarian sentiment ended after the Czechoslovak government imposed Slovakization on the people.[25]

Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council

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On November 9, 1918, in Ungvár (now Uzhhorod, Ukraine), the "Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council" was formed by the Magyarons, headed by the canon of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Munkács, Simeon Sabov (1863–1929). The Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council adopted the "Memorandum", which stated that the Hungarian-Rusyn people would join their homeland, Hungary, and advocated for the integrity of its territory.[26][13]

The main pro-Hungarian party in Transcarpathia was the Autonomous Agricultural Union (Hungarian: Kárpátaljai Földműves Szövetség), founded in 1924 by Kurtyak Ivan Fedorovich.[27] This party was called "Kurtyakiv", and its followers were called kurtyakivtsi.[28] It fought for autonomy and nurtured the Carpathian Ruthenian-Hungarian alliance and relations with Hungary.

The KFSZ bombarded the government in Prague to give land to the people of Transcarpathia and defended the interests of the Ruthenian and Hungarian peasantry during the land reform. The self-determinism of Transcarpathia was also emphasised in the Hungarian press. Its leader, who was also the first prime minister of Transcarpathia (Podkarpatská Rus) Bródy András was inprisoned by Czechoslovak authorities in Pankrác. Brody believed that minority nations could be part of the unified Hungarian nation-body (nemzettest). In 1939 Hungary regained some of the territory, after which crowds protested for his release. He arrived back in Uzhhorod (originally Ungvár) on the 5th of March, where thousands of Hungarians and Ruthenians ware waiting for his arrival. They welcomed him with these words: "Welcome to our beautiful Hungary. Long live Bródy, long live the Hungarian-Ruthenian brotherhood!"[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Giuseppe Motta. Less than nations: Volume 1 and 2 : Central-Eastern European minorities after WWI. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Unabridged edition (October 1, 2013)
  2. ^ Marek Wojnar. Department of Central and Eastern Europe, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)
  3. ^ Martin Pekár et al. Ethnic minorities in Slovakia in the years 1918-1945. A survey ISBN 978-80-555-0442-1
  4. ^ Гісторыя Закарпацьця ў ХХ стагоддзі. Частка ІІ
  5. ^ R. Mayor, UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUALS AND CLERGY OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS OBJECTS OF THE MAGARIZATION POLICY IN THE LATE ХIХ – EARLY XX CENTURY
  6. ^ Анна Плїшкова. Русиньскый язык на Словеньску (Короткый нарис історії і сучасности). Світовый конґрес Русинів. Пряшів 2008
  7. ^ Mozgawa, Konrad. Relacje rusińsko-ukraińskie u progu XX wieku. Rusini – Ukraińcy, czy odrębny naród?. Kraków : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2019. - S. 469-487.
  8. ^ Czasy Nowożytne. Periodyk poświęcony dziejom polskim i europejskim od XV do XX wieku. Tom VIII (IX) / 2000 [Stanisław Salmonowicz, przewodn. kom. red.] Toruń [etc.] 2000
  9. ^ "Drahomanov_Avstro-ruski_spomyny_1867-1877.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  10. ^ Olgerd Hippolyte Bochkovsky. Selected Works and Documents / Order: O. Hnatyuk, M. Chek. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy; Center for the Study of the History and Culture of Eastern European Jews; Center for European Humanities Research. - Volume II. - K .: Ukraine Modern, SPIRIT AND LITERATURE, 2018. - 976 p. - (Ukraine: Europe: 1921-1939) ISBN 978-966-378-575-2
  11. ^ Jarnecki M. THE ROAD TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: SUBCARPATHIAN RUS ON THE EVE OF WWI AND IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Sprawy Narodowościowe
  12. ^ Andrew Chutky. History of Ukraine. Kyiv: MAUP, 2006. ISBN 966-608-548-8
  13. ^ a b c d Hungary – Social and economic developments". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  14. ^ Przemystaw Piotr Zurawski vel Grajewski. Sprawa ukrainska na konferencji pokojowej w Paryzu w roku 1919 ISBN 978-83-7507-202-0
  15. ^ Rostislav Mayor. Features of the mentality of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia (mid XIX - early XX centuries). Scientific works of the Kamyanets-Podilsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko. Historical sciences. Volume 24
  16. ^ Philip Lyon. After empire : ethnic Germans and minority nationalism in interwar Yugoslavia. 2008
  17. ^ Michał Jarnecki. Droga do identyfikacji narodowej. Stosunki narodowościowe na Rusi Zakarpackiej w przededniu I wojny światowej i w okresie międzywojennym. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2005
  18. ^ László, Surján (2024-05-25). "Ruszinok és magyarok: Egy barátság, amely tettekben is megnyilvánult | Felvidék.ma" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  19. ^ Shandor, V. Transcarpathia: historical and legal essay from the XI century. till 1920. / Vikentii Shandor [uk]. — New York: Carpathian Union, 1992. — P. 97
  20. ^ Smiian, P. The revolutionary and national-liberation movement in Transcarpathia of late XIX — early XX century. Petro Smiian [uk]. – L.: Publisher of L'viv university, 1968. — 208 p.
  21. ^ "Як Закарпаття приєднували до ЗУНР @ Закарпаття онлайн". zakarpattya.net.ua. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  22. ^ Pahiria, O. "The events of March 13-14, 1939 in Khust: coup, rebellion or armed conflict. (2019)". Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  23. ^ Сергій, Є.; Олександр, П.; Світлана, К.; Микола, М. (2009). Єфремов Сергій. Бої 14-15 березня 1939 року на Карпатській Україні. Graz͡hda. p. 50. ISBN 9789668924484. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  24. ^ Угорський терор в Карпатській Україні навесні 1939 року Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Museum «Terror Territory»  [uk]
  25. ^ Jarnecki, Michał (2005). "Droga do identyfikacji narodowej. Stosunki narodowościowe na Rusi Zakarpackiej w przededniu I wojny światowej i w okresie międzywojennym". Sprawy Narodowościowe (in Polish) (27): 101–116. ISSN 1230-1698.
  26. ^ Гай-Нижник П., Яремчук В. На шляху до Української державності в Закарпатті // Збірник наукових праць НДІ українознавства. Київ, 2008. Т. ХХІІ. С. 300—319.
  27. ^ Minority Hungarian Communities in the Twentieth Century. Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado – Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., Highland Lakes, New Jersey, 2011, 859. (Atlantic Studies on Society in Change 138.) Eds. Bárdi Nándor, Fedinec Csilla, Szarka László
  28. ^ Gyrya V. I. ACTIVATION OF THE PROHGORIAN INTERVIEW IN TRANSCARPATHY IN 1920s
  29. ^ Révész, Sándor (17 June 2023). "Андрей Броды (Bródy András, 1895-1946)".

Sources

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Further reading

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