Nitrosobenzene
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name Nitrosobenzene | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.721 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID | |
| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
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| Properties | |
| C6H5NO | |
| Molar mass | 107.112 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Dark green solid (freshly sublimed monomer); pale yellow solid (dimeric form); bright green solution (light sensitive) |
| Melting point | 65 to 69 °C (149 to 156 °F; 338 to 342 K) |
| Boiling point | 59 °C (138 °F; 332 K) (at 18 mmHg) |
| Low | |
| Solubility in other solvents | Sol. in organic solvents |
| -59.1·10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Structure | |
| N is sp2 | |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards | toxic |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Danger | |
| H301, H312, H332 | |
| P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P321, P322, P330, P363, P405, P501 | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds | Nitrobenzene Aniline |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Nitrosobenzene is the organic compound with the formula C6H5NO. It is one of the prototypical organic nitroso compounds. Characteristic of its functional group, it is a dark green species that exists in equilibrium with its pale yellow dimer. Both monomer and dimer are diamagnetic.
Monomer-dimer equilibrium
[edit]Nitrosobenzene and other nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers are often favored in the solid state, whereas the deeply colored monomers are favored in dilute solution or at higher temperatures. The dimers can be formulated as Ar(O−)N+=N+(O−)Ar. They exist as cis- and trans-isomers due to the presence of the N–N double bond. The dimers are sometimes called azobenzenedioxides. The cis-trans isomerization occurs via the intermediacy of the monomer.[1]
In the case of nitrosobenzene itself, the metastable monomeric form could be prepared by sublimation onto a cold finger. The monomeric material is selectively sublimed due to its lower molecular weight and is collected on a cold finger as lustrous, dark green crystals. Over time, the monomeric material dimerizes to give the parent azobenzene dioxide as a pale yellow solid. As dictated by Le Chatelier's principle, nitrosobenzene exists in the solution phase as a mixture of monomer and dimer in dynamic equilibrium whose composition is dependent on temperature (monomer favored at higher temperature) and concentration (monomer favored at low concentration), as well as the identity of the medium (gas phase or solvent).[2]
Preparation
[edit]Nitrosobenzene was first prepared by Adolf von Baeyer by the reaction of diphenylmercury and nitrosyl bromide:[4]
- (C6H5)2Hg + BrNO → C6H5NO + C6H5HgBr
A modern synthesis entails reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (C6H5NHOH) which is then oxidized by sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7).[5]
Nitrosobenzene can also be prepared by oxidation of aniline using peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid)[6] or potassium peroxymonosulfate under biphasic conditions.[7] It is usually purified by sublimation or by steam distillation, where it comes over as a green liquid that solidifies to a colorless solid.
Characteristic reactions
[edit]Nitrosobenzene undergoes Diels–Alder reactions with dienes.[8] Condensation with anilines affords azobenzene derivatives in a reaction known as the Mills reaction or Baeyer-Mills reaction.[9] Reduction of nitrosobenzene produces aniline.
Most characteristically, nitrosobenzene condenses with active methylene groups, such as those of malonic esters and phenylacetonitrile. Phenylacetonitrile (PhCH2CN) gives the imine (PhC(CN)=NPh) in a reaction known as the Ehrlich-Sachs reaction:[10]
Sometimes condensation with active methylene compounds gives products of O-nitroso-aldol reaction:[11]
- R–CH2-CHO + Ph–NO → R–CH(CHO)–O–NHPh (aminoxylation adduct)
References
[edit]- ^ Beaudoin, D.; Wuest, J. D. (2016). "Dimerization of Aromatic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 116 (1): 258–286. doi:10.1021/cr500520s. PMID 26730505.
- ^ Varga, Katarina; Biljan, Ivana; Tomišić, Vladislav; Mihalić, Zlatko; Vančik, Hrvoj (8 March 2018). "Quantum Chemical Calculations of Monomer–Dimer Equilibria of Aromatic C -Nitroso Compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 122 (9): 2542–2549. Bibcode:2018JPCA..122.2542V. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12179. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 29381362.
- ^ E.Bosch (2014). "Structural Analysis of Methyl-Substituted Nitrosobenzenes and Nitrosoanisoles". J. Chem. Cryst. 98 (2): 44. doi:10.1007/s10870-013-0489-8. S2CID 95291018.
- ^ Baeyer, A. (1874). "Nitrosobenzol und Nitrosonaphtalin". Chemische Berichte. 7 (2): 1638–1640. doi:10.1002/cber.187400702214.
- ^ G. H. Coleman, C. M. McCloskey, F. A. Stuart (1945). "Nitrosobenzene". Org. Synth. 25: 80. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.025.0080.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Caro, Heinrich (1898). "Hauptversammlung des Vereins deutscher Chemiker am 1. bis 4. Juni 1898 zu Darmstadt". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 11 (36): 845ff. Bibcode:1898AngCh..11..815.. doi:10.1002/ange.18980113602.
- ^ Priewisch, Beate; Rück-Braun, Karola (March 2005). "Efficient Preparation of Nitrosoarenes for the Synthesis of Azobenzenes†". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70 (6): 2350–2352. doi:10.1021/jo048544x. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 15760229.
- ^ Yamamoto, Hisashi; Momiyama, Norie (2005). "Rich chemistry of nitroso compounds". Chemical Communications (28): 3514–3525. doi:10.1039/b503212c. PMID 16010311.
- ^ H. D. Anspon (1955). "p-Phenylazobenzoic Acid". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 711.
- ^ H. Feuer. S. Patai (ed.). The Chemistry of the Nitro and Nitroso Groups Part 1. New York: Wiley. pp. 278–283.
- ^ "Asymmetric O− and N− Nitroso Aldol Reaction – an efficient access to a-oxy and a-amino carbonyl compound" (PDF).