Organizational capital
Organizational capital is the value to an enterprise which is derived from organization philosophy and systems which leverage the organization's capability in delivering goods or services.[1]
Overview
[edit]Organizational capital is one of the three components of structural capital, itself a component of intellectual capital.[2] But, as with other intangible assets, there is no consensus definition of what this organizational capital is, how to measure it, or how to best quantify its contribution to output (either current or future).[3]
Organizational capital was first defined by Prescott and Visscher (1980) to be the accumulation and use of private information to enhance production efficiency within a firm. This capital can be a significant source of firm value.[4]
The elements that constitute the organizational capital or capital of the firm, namely its culture, structure, organizational learning, can be a source of competitive advantage.[5] Leif Edvinsson, former head of Intellectual Capital at Skandia, was among the first to recognize that intangible assets, including organizational capital, were not represented in traditional accounting systems.[6]
Research regarding Organizational capital suggests that there are implications for mergers and acquisitions. Carlin, et al. conclude that the most efficient mergers are between large firms with substantial organization capital and smaller firms with little organization capital.[7] They conclude that firms with richer "languages" retain more employees and are therefore more likely to promote senior managers from within, exhibit greater variability in the compensation levels of their managers and that compensation rises more quickly over time in firms with richer languages.(For proxies of "language" they used density of social networks and the quality of relationships within those networks.)[8] Organizational capital can be decomposed into three firm specific capitals; (i)Managerial capital which denotes managerial skills that mix all internal capabilities in an intelligible way through absorption and application of new ideas that promote growth and value of the firm [9] (ii)Process capital which include production decisions on quality management, employee programs, efficiency in operations and organizational flexibility[2] (iii) Innovation capital that measures the ability of a firm in creating and nurturing new products and services for competitive advantage[2]
References
[edit]- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c Edvinsson L, Malone MS (1997) Intellectual capital: realizing your company’s true value by finding its hidden roots. HarperBusiness, New York
- ^ Black, Sandra E., and Lisa M. Lynch. "Measuring organizational capital in the new economy." Measuring capital in the new economy. University of Chicago Press, 2005. 205-236.
- ^ Carlin, Bruce Ian, Bhagwan Chowdhry, and Mark J. Garmaise. "Investment in organization capital." Journal of Financial Intermediation (2011)
- ^ Martín-de-Castro, Gregorio, et al. "Organizational capital as competitive advantage of the firm." Journal of Intellectual Capital 7.3 (2006): 324-337.
- ^ Edvinsson, Leif. "Developing intellectual capital at Skandia." Long range planning 30.3 (1997): 366-373.
- ^ Carlin, Bruce Ian, Bhagwan Chowdhry, and Mark J. Garmaise. "Investment in organization capital." Journal of Financial Intermediation (2011), p15-16
- ^ Carlin, Bruce Ian, Bhagwan Chowdhry, and Mark J. Garmaise. "Investment in organization capital." Journal of Financial Intermediation (2011), p16-17
- ^ Bruhn, Miriam, D. Karlan & A. Schoar (2010) What capital is missing in developing countries? American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 100: 629-633.
