Parliamentary private secretary

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A parliamentary private secretary (PPS) is a member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom who acts as an unpaid assistant to a government minister or a shadow minister. They are selected from backbench MPs as the "eyes and ears" of the minister in the House of Commons.^[1]

PPSs are junior to parliamentary under-secretaries of state, a ministerial post salaried by one or more departments.

Although not paid other than their salary as an MP,^[2] PPSs help the government track backbench opinion in Parliament. They are subject to some restrictions, as outlined in the Ministerial Code of the British government, but are not members of the Government.^[3][1]

A PPS can sit on select committees but must avoid "associating themselves with recommendations critical of, or embarrassing to the Government", and must not make statements or ask questions on matters affecting the minister's department.^[4] In particular, the PPS in the Department for Communities and Local Government may not participate in planning decisions or in the consideration of planning cases.^[5][6]

PPSs are not members of the government, and all efforts are made to avoid these positions being referred to as such. They are instead considered more simply as normal Members. However, their close confidence with ministers does impose obligations on every PPS. The guidelines surrounding the divulging of classified information by ministers to PPSs are rigid.^[7]

Ministers choose their own PPSs, but they are expected to consult the Chief Whip and must seek the written approval for each candidate from the prime minister.^[8]

Although not on the government payroll, PPSs are expected to act as part of the payroll vote, voting in line with the government on every division.^[9][10]

When on official Departmental business, a PPS receives travel and subsistence allowance paid out of government funds, as with formal members of the government. This makes the PPS the only type of unpaid advisor who receives reimbursement in the course of duty.^[11]

Overseas travel for PPSs must be approved by the Prime Minister and is granted only in exceptional cases.^[11]

The role of PPS is seen as a starting point for many MPs who aspire to become ministers themselves.^[12] According to Philip W. Buck, a professor of political science at Stanford University:

Nine-tenths of the M.P.s who first won seats in the House of Commons in 1918 or thereafter, and who held some ministerial office in the years from 1918 to 1955, began their progress towards posts in a ministry or a Cabinet by serving as parliamentary secretaries or as junior ministers... Recruitment to the front bench clearly begins with these two offices.^[13]

After the leaking of party details in emails associated with Desmond Swayne, PPS to David Cameron, a writer of the Thirsk and Malton Labour Party Constituency Blog commented:

A Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) is a thankless job. Despite having risen to the rank of MP, those with Governmental ambitions will need to pay their dues once more – as a bag carrier. Admittedly, PPS is a bit more than that – you are supposed to be the eyes and ears, reporting back to your boss all the gossip, what people are saying about your work in the bars and cafes of Westminster.^[14]

The following is a list of Parliamentary Private Secretaries in the UK, since the swearing in of the Starmer ministry on 5 July 2024. The Leader of the Opposition usually has at least one Parliamentary Private Secretary as well.^[15]

The following is a list of Parliamentary Private Secretaries under the Second Johnson ministry as of April 2022.^[16]

While giving the holder a close-up view of the workings of government at the highest levels, relatively few Parliamentary Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister seem to have gone on to serve at the highest level of government themselves, although Sir Alec Douglas-Home served as Prime Minister in 1963–4, while Anthony Barber was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1970 to 1974, Robert Carr, Home Secretary, 1972–4, and Christopher Soames, Peter Shore, and Gavin Williamson, the future Secretary of State for Education, all went on to be senior Cabinet ministers.

• J. C. C. Davidson: to Bonar Law
• Alec Douglas-Home, Lord Dunglass: to Neville Chamberlain, 1937–1940
• Brendan Bracken: to Winston Churchill, 1940–1941
• Christopher Soames: to Winston Churchill, 1952–1955
• Robert Carr: to Sir Anthony Eden, 1955
• Anthony Barber: to Harold Macmillan, 1957–1959
• Peter Shore: to Harold Wilson, 1965–1966
• Timothy Kitson: to Edward Heath, 1970–1974
• Ian Gow: to Margaret Thatcher, 1979–1983
• Peter Morrison: to Margaret Thatcher, 1990
• Graham Bright: to John Major, 1990–1994
• Gavin Williamson: to David Cameron, 2013–2016
• George Hollingbery: to Theresa May, 2016–2017

• Parliamentary secretary
• Parliamentary under-secretary of state
• Permanent secretary
• Private secretary
• Principal Private Secretary

• BBC: A-Z of Politics
• TheyWorkForYou: List of MPs and the posts that they hold
• Ministerial code related to PPSs
• Parliamentary private secretaries, Institute for Government explainer