People of the Ditch

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People of the Ditch (Arabic: أصحاب الأخدود, romanized: ʿaṣ'ḥābu l-ʿukhdūdi) is a story mentioned in Surah Al-Burooj of the Qur'an. It is about people who were thrown into a ditch and set afire, due to their belief in Allah.[1]

The narrative was telling about a story of Malik (Arabic: مَـلِـك, King) that had a sahir (Arabic: سَـاحِـر, magician) in the days before Muhammad. As the magician grew old and his lifetime was nearly over, he asked the King to choose a smart boy to learn sihr (Arabic: سِـحْـر, magic) from him. However, as the boy was training in magic, he met a monk everyday on the way to the magic class, and finally became a true believer in God. As a result, he could save people and treat sick people in unusual ways. When the King learned of this, he commanded the boy to abandon his faith in God. The boy rejected the King's command, so he was killed. The King also burned those who followed the boy's deen (Arabic: ديـن, religion), in one or more ditches

Story in Suratul-Buruj

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Further information: Al-Burooj

The verses 4 to 7 are the story of a group of devout people, who were burned in a ditch. The main text and English translation of the verses are in the following table:

Verse Arabic text English translation
4 قُتِلَ أَصْحَابُ الْأُخْدُودِ Woe to the makers of the pit (of fire),
5 النَّارِ‌ ذَاتِ الْوَقُودِ Fire supplied (abundantly) with fuel:
6 إِذْ هُمْ عَلَيْهَا قُعُودٌ Behold! they sat over against the (fire),
7 وَهُمْ عَلَىٰ مَا يَفْعَلُونَ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ شُهُودٌ[2] And they witnessed (all) that they were doing against the Believers.[3]

Then the Qur'an adds that they were killed in this way only because they believed in Allah. Then it mentioned the fate of torturers in verses 8 to 10:

Verse Arabic text English translation
8 وَمَا نَقَمُوا مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا أَن يُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّـهِ الْعَزِيزِ الْحَمِيدِ And they ill-treated them for no other reason than that they believed in Allah, Exalted in Power, Worthy of all Praise!
9 الَّذِي لَهُ مُلْكُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْ‌ضِ ۚ وَاللَّـهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ Him to Whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth! And Allah is Witness to all things.
10 إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَتَنُوا الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتِ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَتُوبُوا فَلَهُمْ عَذَابُ جَهَنَّمَ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابُ الْحَرِ‌يقِ[2] Those who persecute (or draw into temptation) the Believers, men and women, and do not turn in repentance, will have the Penalty of Hell: They will have the Penalty of the Burning Fire.[3]

The full detailed story of the Islamic narrative about the burning of the devout peoples in the trench were found in a long Hadith transmitted by Ṣuhayb ibn Sinan and on the authority of Sahih Muslim record as following:[4][5][6][7]

Muhammad told the story of anonymous king who forced his peoples to worship him. who has a magician as his advisor. When the magician was in his old age, he asked the king to appoint a young man to be his apprentice to inherit his position. So the king ordered a young boy to learn magic from the elder magician.

In the middle of his training, the boy met a priest, who taught and advising him with monotheism and Abrahamic religions. causing him to be late to attend the magic training, which caused him to be punished by the magician. for following days onward, the young men to seek for reasons about his late arrival for his training, while he continues to listen to the teaching of the priest. This happened until one day a large animal blocked the boy's path to the training place. The boy then initiatively practice the teaching of the priest by praying to God to get rid of the animal which blocking his way. This miraculously succeeded, causing the boy resolved his belief in the priest's teaching and renounce black magic. Then after he told the priest about the incident, he bid farewell to the boy as he said he has nothing more to teach the boy.

From then on, the boy worked to heal disease and blindness of the peoples of the kingdom by praying to God. Until one of the king's close friend who was blind for long time heard the boy's ability to cure blindness and came to him to ask to heal his eyes. Then he boy asked him to pray to God for curing his eyes, which he done so. Then his eyes were cured instantly. However, as the king became curious of the accident, he asked his friend who healed his sight, which responded by him that it was Allah (God) who healed his eyes. This infuriated the king who then torture him and forcing him to tell him about the boy who taught him. After he caught the boy, he then torture the boy to tell who was taught him, which responded by the boy testify that the priest who taught him. The king then also caught the priest, who were forced to abandon his faith and worship the king under the threat of execution. The priest refused, prompting the king to execute the priest by sawing his head from the middle of his skull. After the priest died, the king call his friend whose blindness cured by the boy and forcing him to renounce the faith, or he will be executed in similar manner, which responded with similar manner, prompting him to be executed similarly.

After that, the time has come for the boy to be put on trial by the king. He threatened the boy to be executed in different manner, which is by thrown from the top of a mountain. However, as the boy was about to be thrown from the top, he prayed, which caused the mountain miraculously shaken in a sudden, killed all the king's soldiers who escorting him, while leaving him unharmed. As the shocked king asked how he could be unharmed, the boy responded by saying he wont be able to kill him unless he fulfill certain condition, which is by crucifying the boy on a palm frond, then shot him with an arrow by saying "Bismillah Rabb al-Ghulam (By the name of Allah, God of this boy)". The king did so by shooting arrow while saying the words. As the arrow struck the boy, he immediately died.

However, the masses who gathered around the execution field amazed by this and declaring that now they converted to the faith of the boy. The king then became furious hearing this and then ordered a ditch to be made in the street and then a fire was lit in it. throwing all the peoples who converted to the ditch, including womens and babies.

This narrative was told in several later era chronicles, such as Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah by Ibn Hisham.[8][9][10]

Ibn Ishaq chronicle, which was translated to English language by Alfred Guillaume, interpreted this passage to be an allusion to the killing of the Christians of Najran by order of the King Dhu Nuwas. According to Christian sources, this event took place around 523 C.E. Dhu Nuwas converted to Judaism and chose Joseph as his new name. He went to Najran to force the Christian people there to convert to Judaism. When they refused, the King threw them alive into one or more burning ditches.[11]

There is also a hadith that God chose a Nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي, Prophet) in Abyssinia, but the people of Abyssinia denied him. At last the prophet and his companions (Arabic: أصـحـاب) were burned in a ditch.[12]

In Shia Islam tradition, It was reported by Shaykh Tabarsi in Majma' al-Bayan; that companions of Daniyal (Daniel) were burned in a ditch.[13]

Outside of Qur'anic and Hadith, Abdulrahman al-Ansary has mentioned that two 6th AD Christian chronicle s Risalat Shami'un al'arshami al-Thaniya (The Second Epistle of Simeon of Beth Arsham) and Kitab Istishad al-Harith (The Book of Martyrdom of Al-Harith) has mentioned the occurrence of the burning.[14]

Meaning of 'Ukhdud'

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According to the Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran, "Ukhdud" (Arabic: أخـدود) is basically derived from "Khadd" (Arabic: خـد), and it means "wide and deep ditch spread on the land."[15] It is called this because it is believed to be where the burning took place.[11] It was also known as Martyrs of the trench, or alternatively dubbed as Martyrs of Najran by Irfan Shahid.[16] The Ashab al-Ukhdud were considered as Shahid, or martyrs in Islam, due to their sacrifice to keep their faith despite being threatened to be thrown in a ditch of which lit with fire by Dhu Nuwas, a king of Himyarite Kingdom which embrace Judaism.[17]

Time and place of the event

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It was popularly believed the event occurred in modern day Al-Ukhdud, a historical place located 5 km (3.1 miles) south of Najran city in Saudi Arabia. The event of Al-Ukhdud occurred in 520 or 523 ACE, in the time of Dhu Nuwas, the last Himyarite King.[11][18]

However, there are several versions about the place of the genocide. Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi recorded some chronicles that it happened several times in several places such as Yemen, Constantinople, Babylon, Iraq, and Al-Sham; and that this story is not about just one such event.[19]

Meanwhile, modern researcher and archaeologist Abdulrahman al-Ansary from King Saud University cast doubt that the burning of the Christians by the Yemen king occurred in Najran. He explained that some contemporary local chronicles suggested the notion that it happened in Najran. However, Yemeni inscriptions which believed belongs to King Yusuf Asar (517-527 AD), which was suspected as the legendary Dhu Nuwas who ordered the massacre, did not indicate that he burned Christians in Najran for several reasons:[14]

  • The most famous of these is the inscription found in the wells of Hima, which consists of 12 lines in records dated 518 AD. The first line is read as follows: "May Alan, who owns the heavens and the earth, bless King Yusuf Asar Yathar, king of all peoples, and bless the kings", Abdulrahman al-Ansary has stated this means the king asked for blessings from his god, and (Alan: Allah), which indicates that Yusuf was neither Jewish nor Christian. This further add skepticism of Abdulrahman with the reasoning that If the incident of the burning occurred in Najran, and it was carried out by King Yusuf Asar, then it must have occurred approximately between the years 518-520 AD. Meanwhile, Abdulrahman also quoted the tradition from Al-Tabari work History of the Prophets and Kings which traced to Aisha, that the Muslim community in 7th AD identified the Himyarite king during the alleged era of Yusuf Asar as Abrahamic monotheism believer, unlike the polytheistic Dhu Nuwas.
  • Abdulrahman stated there is no building was found in the ancient city of Najran that resembles a church or any Christians worshipping place.
  • The inscriptions that were found written on the stones of the buildings of the ancient city of al-Ukhdud sites were limited to the paganism period of the city, and no inscriptions were found that refer to the Judaism and Christian religions.
  • The appearance of the Quss bin Sa'idah Al-'Iyadi, contemporary of Zayd ibn Amr and Waraqah ibn Nawfal; who was appeared in Sīrah records as pre-Islamic Christian who belong to the Monotheism Christian. In light of this, Abdulrahman connected that Quss's Christian denomination traced to same denomination with the Christians who were massacred by the Yemeni king, who belongs to different group from the Najrani Christians which met by Muhammad in 631 AD. the first group which burned was considered as the "true Christians" according to Qur'anic narrative of al-Buruj chapter, who worshipped monotheistic God, while the second group of Najrani Christians that met and debate with Muhammad in 631 AD was Christians group who believed in Trinity doctrine.
  • The Qur'anic narrative did not explicitly mention Najran as precise place where the event occurred.

In culture

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The animated film, The Boy and the King, is a movie about people of the ditch.

The Saudi football club Al-Okhdood are named for the People of the Ditch.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "People of the Ditch".
  2. ^ a b Quran 85:4–7 "Quran (85:4–7)".
  3. ^ a b "English translation of 85th chapter".
  4. ^ al-Baghawi. "Tafsir al-Baghawi Surah al-Buruj 4". quran.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  5. ^ al-Qurtubi. "Tafsir al-Qurtubi Surah al-Buruj 4". quran.ksu.edu.sa (in Arabic). King Saud University. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  6. ^ Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal (2013). "Kisah Orang Beriman yang Dibakar Dalam Parit" [The Story of a Believer Burned in the Trenches]. rumaysho.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  7. ^ Nur Aliem Halvaima (2022). "TAUSYIAH - Kisah Si Pembakar Orang Beriman Dalam Parit (4)" [TAUSYIAH - The Story of the Burner of Believers in the Trenches (4)] (in Indonesian). Grup Pikiran Rakyat. Pikiran Rakyat. Retrieved 25 August 2024. contribution source from Fatamorgana Djufrie Tambora, lecturer at Alaudin State Islamic University Makassar, South Sulawesi
  8. ^ Abdul Malik bin Hisham Ibn Hisham, Biography of the Prophet, Darol-Ma'refah Publication, Beirut, vol.1, pp.35–36, 1355 H.Sh.
  9. ^ Muhammad Bal'ami, History of the Prophets and Kings, Sorosh Publication, Tehran, vol.2, pp.121–122, 1378 H.Sh.
  10. ^ "The Story of the Boy and the King from Surah al-Buruj". Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Encyclopaedia Of The Quran, Jane Dammen McAuliffe, vol.2, pp.147–148
  12. ^ Barghi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Almahasen. Vol. 1. p. 250.
  13. ^ Shaykh Tabarsi. Majma' al-Bayan. Vol. 10. p. 706.
  14. ^ a b Abdulrahman al-Ansary (2010م). "الأخدود.. ليس بالضرورة أن يكون في نجران" [The trench... does not necessarily have to be in Najran]. okaz.com.sa (in Arabic). to Okaz Press and Publishing Foundation. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  15. ^ Sadr-Ameli, Sayyed Abbas. "85". An enlightening commentary into the light of the Quran. Vol. 19. Imam Ali foundation.
  16. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan; Bayne Fisher, William, eds. (1963). The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 3, Issue 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  17. ^ David Cook (2007). Martyrdom in Islam: Volume 4 of Themes in Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1316583081.
  18. ^ "Ukhdud Najran the story is narrated by Quran and successive civilizations". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  19. ^ al-Tha'labi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Ghesas al-Anbia. Vol. 1. Beirut. pp. 438–439.
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