Percomorpha

Percomorpha; Temporal range: Santonian–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Cenomanian record
	Rose fish
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Superorder:	Acanthopterygii
Clade:	Percomorpha; Cope, 1871
Subgroups
	See text
Synonyms
	Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al., 2013; Acanthopteri;

Percomorpha (from Latin perca 'perch' and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) 'shape, appearance') is a large clade of ray-finned fish with more than 17 000 known species that includes the tuna, seahorses, gobies, cichlids, flatfish, wrasse, perches, anglerfish, and pufferfish.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Evolution

Percomorpha are the most diverse group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the Cenozoic era. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ca. 66 Ma ago.^[7] The oldest known percomorph fossils are of the early tetraodontiforms Protriacanthus and Cretatriacanthidae from the Santonian to Campanian of Italy and Slovenia.^[8] A higher diversity of early percomorphs is also known from the Campanian of Nardò, Italy, and these also show some level of diversification into modern orders, with representatives of the Syngnathiformes and Tetraodontiformes known.^[9] Possibly the oldest percomorph is Plectocretacicus from the Cenomanian of Lebanon, which may be a stem-tetraodontiform; however, some morphological analyses indicate that it shows similarities with non-percomorph groups.^[8]^[10]

Phylogeny

External relationships

The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.^[5] Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.

Teleostei

Elopomorpha (Elopiformes, Albuliformes, Notacanthiformes, Anguilliformes)

Osteoglossocephala

Osteoglossomorpha (Hiodontiformes, Osteoglossiformes)

Clupeocephala

Otocephala

Clupei (Clupeiformes)

	Alepocephali (Alepocephaliformes)

	Ostariophysi (Gonorynchiformes, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes)

Euteleostei

Lepidogalaxii	Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish)

Protacanthopterygii (Argentiniformes, Galaxiiformes, Esociformes, Salmoniformes)

Stomiati (Stomiiformes, Osmeriformes)

Neoteleostei

Ateleopodia

Ateleopodidae (jellynoses)

Eurypterygia

Aulopa

Aulopiformes (lizardfish)

Ctenosquamata

Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes (lanternfish)

Acanthomorpha

	Lampripterygii (Lampriformes)

	Paracanthopterygii (Percopsiformes, Zeiformes, Stylephoriformes, Gadiformes)

Polymixiipterygii

Polymixiiformes (beardfish)

Acanthopterygii

Berycimorphaceae

	Beryciformes (alfonsinos, whalefishes)

	Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes, slimeheads)

Holocentrimorphaceae	Holocentriformes (squirrelfish, soldier fishes)

	Percomorpha

Internal relationships

The following cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:

Percomorpha

Ophidiaria	Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels)

Batrachoidaria	Batrachoididae (toadfishes)

Pelagiaria	Scombriformes (tunas, mackerel, etc.)

Syngnatharia	Syngnathiformes (seahorses, seadragon, etc.)

Gobiaria

	Gobiiformes (gobies)

	Kurtiformes (nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes)

Anabantaria

	Anabantiformes (snakeheads, Siamese fighting fish, gouramies)

	Synbranchiformes

Carangaria

Polynemidae (threadfins)

	Lactariidae (false trevally)

	Menidae (moonfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"

Nematistiidae (roosterfish)

Echeneidae (remoras)

	Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish)

	Rachycentridae (cobia)

Sphyraenidae (barracudas)

	Centropomidae (snooks)

	Pleuronectiformes (flatfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"	Carangidae (jacks)

Istiophoriformes (billfish)

	Leptobramidae (beachsalmons)

	Toxotidae (archerfish)

Ovalentaria

Cichlomorphae

	Cichliformes (cichlids, convict blennies)

	Polycentridae (leaffish)

Atherinomorphae

Beloniformes (needlefish, flying fish, halfbeaks)

	Atheriniformes (silversides, rainbowfish, etc.)

	Cyprinodontiformes (tooth-carps)

Ambassidae (Asiatic glassfishes)

	Congrogadidae (eel blenny)

	Pomacentridae (damselfishes, clownfish)

	Embiotocidae (surfperches)

Mugilomorphae	Mugiliformes (mullets)

Lipogramma

Plesiopidae (roundheads)

Pseudochromidae (dottybacks)

Grammatidae (basslets)

Opistognathidae (jawfishes)

Blenniimorphae

	Blenniiformes (blennies, clinids, sand stargazers)

	Gobiesociformes (clingfishes)

Eupercaria

Gerreiformes (mojarras)

Uranoscopiformes (stargazers)

	Centrogenyidae (false scorpionfish)

	Labriformes (wrasses, cales, parrotfish)

Perciformes (perches, sticklebacks, scorpionfishes, etc.)

	Centrarchiformes (black basses, temperate perches, etc.)

	Pempheriformes (sweepers)

	Moronidae (temperate basses)

	Sillaginidae (smelt-whitings)

Ephippiformes (spadefishes, batfishes)

	Chaetodontiformes (butterflyfishes)

	Sciaenidae (drums, croakers)

	Acanthuriformes (surgeonfishes, ponyfishes)

	Monodactylidae (moonyfishes, fingerfishes)

Emmelichthyidae (rovers)

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes)

Lutjaniformes (snappers)

	Callanthiidae (splendid perches)

	Malacanthidae (tilefishes)

	Lobotiformes (tripletails)

	Spariformes

Siganidae (rabbitfishes)

	Priacanthiformes (bigeyes, bandfishes)

	Scatophagidae (scats)

Caproiformes (boarfishes)

	Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)

	Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes, triggerfishes, etc.)

References

^ Harvey, Virginia L.; Keating, Joseph N.; Buckley, Michael (August 2021). "Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (8): 201955. Bibcode:2021RSOS....801955H. doi:10.1098/rsos.201955. PMC 8355665. PMID 34430038.
^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.
^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
^ ^a ^b Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
^ Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.
^ ^a ^b Arcila, Dahiana; Alexander Pyron, R.; Tyler, James C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Betancur-R., Ricardo (2015-01-01). "An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.011. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25462998.
^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
^ Carnevale, Giorgio; Johnson, G. David (2015). "A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes". Copeia. 103 (4): 771–791. doi:10.1643/CI-15-236. ISSN 0045-8511.

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[1] Harvey, Virginia L.; Keating, Joseph N.; Buckley, Michael (August 2021). "Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (8): 201955. Bibcode:2021RSOS....801955H. doi:10.1098/rsos.201955. PMC 8355665. PMID 34430038.

[PNAS-2] Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.

[TOL-3] Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.

[laurin&reisz1995-4] Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.

[deepfin4-5] Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.

[FoW5-6] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-10-16.

[Sibert2015-7] Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.

[:0-8] Arcila, Dahiana; Alexander Pyron, R.; Tyler, James C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Betancur-R., Ricardo (2015-01-01). "An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.011. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25462998.

[9] Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.

[10] Carnevale, Giorgio; Johnson, G. David (2015). "A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes". Copeia. 103 (4): 771–791. doi:10.1643/CI-15-236. ISSN 0045-8511.

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