Persicaria odorata
| Vietnamese coriander | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | Persicaria |
| Species: | P. odorata |
| Binomial name | |
| Persicaria odorata | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| Polygonum odoratum Lour. 1790 | |
Persicaria odorata, with common names Vietnamese coriander, rau răm, laksa leaf (calque from Malay 'daun laksa'),[2] Vietnamese cilantro, phak phai (from Thai: ผักแพว), praew leaf, hot mint, Cambodian mint[3] and Vietnamese mint,[4] is an herb whose leaves are used in Southeast Asian and Northeast Indian cooking.
But despite its other name, Vietnamese coriander is unrelated to the mints, nor is it in the mint family Lamiaceae, but its general appearance and fragrance are reminiscent of them. It is also not closely related to coriander (family Apiaceae). Persicaria is in the family Polygonaceae, collectively known as "smartweeds" or "pinkweeds". The similarities in the tastes and smells between Persicaria and coriander and mint may be an example of convergent evolution.
Food uses
[edit]The leaf is primarily associated with Vietnamese cuisine,[5] where it is commonly eaten fresh in salads (including chicken salad) and in raw gỏi cuốn, as well as in some soups such as canh chua and bún thang, and stews, such as fish kho tộ. It is also popularly eaten with trứng vịt lộn (fertilized duck egg).[6]
In Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia the shredded leaf is an essential ingredient of several variations of laksa, a spicy noodle soup, so much so that the leaf is commonly referred to as "laksa leaf" (daun laksa). The leaves are otherwise known in Malay as daun kesum and used in dishes like nasi kerabu and asam pedas.
In the Cambodian cuisine, the leaf is known as chi krasang tomhom (Khmer: ជីរក្រសាំងទំហំ) and is used in soups, stews and salads. It is also used in naem (ណែម), Cambodian summer rolls.
In Laos and certain parts of Thailand, the leaf is eaten with raw beef larb (Lao: ລາບ).
In Burmese cuisine, the leaves are called phetphe (ဖက်ဖယ်) and used in various Burmese curries.[7] The leaves are locally known as phak phai in neighbouring Manipur, India. The Khoibu community grind the leaves with ghost pepper and a nut locally known as "bonra" to make a spicy side dish.
In Australia, Persicaria odorata is being investigated as a source of essential oil (kesom oil). Research conducted in North East Victoria has shown that kesom oil has potential applications in the flavor and fragrance industry, particularly as a natural source of aliphatic aldehydes.[8]
Characteristics
[edit]The Vietnamese coriander is a perennial plant that grows best in tropical and subtropical zones in warm and damp conditions. In advantageous conditions, it can grow up to 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) in height and spread up to 60 cm (24 inches).[9] The top of its leaf is dark green, with chestnut-colored spots, while the leaf's bottom is burgundy red. The stem is jointed at each leaf. In Vietnam, it can be cultivated or found in the wild. It can grow very well outside in summer in nontropical Europe. It prefers full sun and well-drained soil. For colder climate zones, they should be brought inside for the winter and treated as a house plant. For climate zones that have milder winters, they will survive outside, although their growth may slow down. It rarely flowers outside the tropics.
Components
[edit]Its oil contains aldehydes such as decanal (28%), and the alcohols dodecanol (44%) and decanol (11%). Sesquiterpenes such as α-humulene and β-caryophyllene comprise about 15% of its oil.[8]
C-Methylated homoisoflavanones (3-(4'-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-methoxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-chroman-4-one, 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-chroman-4-one and 3-(4'-hydroxy-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-chroman-4-one) can be found in the rhizomes of P. odoratum.[10]
Traditional uses
[edit]No scientific studies have measured P. odorata's effects on libido. Traditionally, in Vietnam, the herb is believed to repress sexual urges. A saying in Vietnamese states, "rau răm, giá sống" ("Vietnamese coriander, raw bean sprouts"), which refers to the common belief that Vietnamese coriander reduces sexual desire, while bean sprouts have the opposite effect. Many Buddhist monks grow coriander in their private gardens and eat it frequently, believing it helps them remain celibate.[11]
Cultivation
[edit]North American sources state Persicaria odorata can be grown outside in frost free parts of USDA Zones 9-11 in moderately fertile soil which is poor or well-drained but will remain moist to wet. It can tolerate full sun if there are breezes and boggy moist soil. However, part shade is desirable and it can be used as groundcover under trees. If winter temperatures drop below 7 °C (45 °F) overwintering indoors is possible if humidity can be maintained. Northern European sources proscribe all but summer under glass as it is hardy to H1C (minimum 5–10 °C (41–50 °F)) with West and South facing aspects preferable.
Persicaria odorata grows up to 6 to 18 inches (150 to 460 mm) tall and wide in US and UK sources state 1 by 1.5 metres (3 ft 3 in × 4 ft 11 in) are possible in 2 to 5 years.
Pests and diseases are not regarded as being problematic and it is even resistant to deer and rabbit.
Propagation
[edit]Propagate by seed in autumn or spring but flowering and seed harvests are rare in non-tropical climes. In summer, propagation via semi-ripe cuttings should be straightforward. Rooting cuttings in water is so easy that North American sources recommend against overwintering indoors where humidity cannot be maintained. Rather, source fresh bunches of rau răm in early spring cost effectively from Asian supermarkets. Remove the young leaves at the very top of the stems and any large leaves along the stems. Trim the bottom off stems to the first healthy internode and place in water until 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) roots appear below the lowest node and then plant in soil. Expect to harvest around two months later.[12][13]
References
[edit]- ^ Tropicos, Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják
- ^ "Persicaria odorata at MBG". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ "Persicaria odorata". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "Persicaria odorata". New South Wales Flora Online. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Heavenly Fragrance: Cooking with Aromatic Asian Herbs, Fruits, Spices and Seasonings, p.29, Carol Selva Rajah, Tuttle Publishing, 2008
- ^ "Vietnamese Coriander". 17 June 2019. Monday, 8 July 2019
- ^ "Lakeside fish curry". The Kite Tales. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ a b Hunter, Murray (1996). "Australian kesom oil - A new essential oil for the flavour and fragrance industry". Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech. 7 (5): 26–28. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
- ^ "Plant and Grow Vietnamese Coriander". Seedy Farm. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
- ^ A new C-methylated homoisoflavanone and triterpenoid from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum. Wang D, Li D, Zhu W and Peng P, Natural Product Research, 2009, 23:6, pages 580-589, PMID 19384735
- ^ Vietnamese Coriander (Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják) page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
- ^ "Persicaria odorata at gardenia.net". Jardins Sans Secret LLC, 210 E 61st St, NY 10065. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ "Persicaria odorata at RHS". The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
External links
[edit]- How to grow Persicaria odorata
- Vietnamese instructional video on Persicaria odorata cultivation and propagation
- English language instructional video on Persicaria odorata cultivation and propagation
