Pescennius Niger

Pescennius Niger
Usurper of the Roman Empire
Aureus of Pescennius Niger, Antioch mint. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG.
Reign9 April 193 – May 194
PredecessorDidius Julianus
SuccessorSeptimius Severus
Bornc. 135/140
Roman Empire
Died194 (aged 53–59)
Roman Empire
Names
Gaius Pescennius Niger
Regnal name
Imperator Caesar Gaius Pescennius Niger Iustus Augustus
DynastyNone
FatherAnnius Fuscus
MotherLampridia

Gaius Pescennius Niger (c. 135 – 194) was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 during the Year of the Five Emperors. He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Didius Julianus, but was defeated by a rival claimant, Septimius Severus, and killed while attempting to flee from Antioch.

Early life

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According to Historia Augusta, Niger's parents were Annius Fuscus and Lampridia. It also states that his grandfather was a supervisor of Aquinum.[1] He may have had a brother named Publius Pescennius Niger who is recorded in an inscription to have been a member of the Arval Brethren in AD 183, during the reign of Commodus.[2][3]

Early career

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AR denarius Pescennius Niger. Antioch mint, 3.12 g. Inscription: IMP[ERATOR] CAES[AR] G[AIVS] PESC[ENNIVS] NIGER IVST[VS] AVG[VSTVS] CO[N]S[VL] II /FELICITAS TEMPOR.

Although Niger was born into an old Italian equestrian family, around the year 135,[4] he was the first member of his family to achieve the rank of Roman senator.[5] Not much is known of his early career; it is possible that he held an administrative position in Egypt, and that he served in a military campaign in Dacia early in Commodus’ reign.[6] During the late 180s, Niger was elected as a Suffect consul, after which Commodus made him imperial legate of Syria in 191.[7]

He was still serving in Syria when news came of the murder of Pertinax, followed by the auctioning off of the imperial title to Didius Julianus.[8] Niger was a well regarded public figure in Rome[6] and soon a popular demonstration against Didius Julianus broke out, during which the citizens called out for Niger to come to Rome and claim the imperial title for himself.[9] As a consequence, it is alleged that Julianus dispatched a centurion to the east with orders to assassinate Niger at Antioch.[10]

The result of the unrest in Rome saw Niger proclaimed Emperor by the eastern legions by the end of April 193.[11] On his accession, Niger took the additional cognomen Justus, or "the Just".[6] Although imperial propaganda issued on behalf of Septimius Severus later claimed that Niger was the first to rebel against Didius Julianus,[10] it was Severus who persisted, claiming the imperial title on 14 April.[5] Although Niger sent envoys to Rome to announce his elevation to the imperial throne, his messengers were intercepted by Severus.[6] As Niger began bolstering his support in the eastern provinces, Severus marched on Rome which he entered in early June 193 after Julianus had been murdered.[12]

Septimius Severus and Niger

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Roman imperial dynasties
Year of the Five Emperors (AD 193)
Chronology
193
193
193–194
193–197
193–211
Succession
Preceded by
Nerva–Antonine dynasty		 Followed by
Severan dynasty

Severus wasted no time consolidating his hold on Rome, and ordered his newly appointed prefect of the watch, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus to capture Niger's children and hold them as hostages.[13] Meanwhile, Niger was busy securing the support of all of the governors in the Asiatic provinces, including the esteemed proconsul of Asia, Asellius Aemilianus, who had occupied Byzantium in the name of Niger.[14] He then proceeded to secure direct control over Egypt, while Severus did as much as he could to protect the wheat supply, and ordered troops loyal to him to keep watch on the western border of Egypt and prevent the legion stationed there – Legio II Traiana Fortis – from sending military aid to Niger.[15]

Although the Asiatic provinces contained great wealth, Niger's military resources were inferior to Severus’. While Severus had the sixteen Danubian legions at his disposal, Niger possessed only six: three in Syria, the two stationed in Arabia Petraea, and one located at Melitene.[13] Niger therefore decided to act aggressively, and sent a force into Thrace where it defeated a part of Severus’ army under Lucius Fabius Cilo at Perinthus.[16]

Severus then marched from Rome to the east, sending his general Tiberius Claudius Candidus ahead of him.[17] Niger, having made Byzantium his headquarters, gave Asellius Aemilianus the task of defending the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara.[17] As Severus approached, he offered Niger the opportunity to surrender and go into exile, but Niger refused, trusting in the outcome of a military encounter.[6] In the fall of 193, Candidus met Aemilianus in battle at Cyzicus, resulting in Niger's forces being defeated as well as the capture and death of Aemilianus.[18] Byzantium was now placed under siege, forcing Niger to abandon the city and retreat to Nicaea.[17] The city remained loyal to Pescennius Niger, and it would take Severus until the end of 195 to finally capture Byzantium.[19]

Another battle took place outside Nicaea in later December 193, which also resulted in a defeat for Niger. Nevertheless, Niger was able to withdraw the bulk of his army intact to the Taurus Mountains, where he held the passes for a few months while he returned to Antioch.[20] However, Niger's support in Asia was falling. Some previously loyal cities changed their allegiance, in particular Laodicea and Tyre.[19] By February 13, 194, Egypt had declared for Severus, as had the imperial legate of Arabia, further diminishing Niger's chances.[21]

After Severus had replaced Candidus with another general, Publius Cornelius Anullinus, Niger met Anullinus in battle at Issus in May 194, where after a long and hard-fought struggle, Niger was decisively defeated.[18] Forced to retreat to Antioch, Niger was captured while attempting to flee to Parthia.[22] Niger was beheaded, and his severed head was taken to Byzantium, but the city refused to surrender. Eventually, Severus stormed and completely destroyed Byzantium before he had it rebuilt.[19] Niger's head eventually found its way to Rome where it was displayed.[16]

After his victory in the east, Severus punished Niger's supporters.[23] He had Niger's wife and children put to death, while his estates were confiscated.[24]`However, according to Roman scholar Geoffrey Turton, Septimius refrained from vindictive reprisals. After Niger's death his wife and children served no use as hostages, and were allowed to live in retirement, where it was supposed, they would play no further part in public affairs. Given the unreliability of the Historia Augusta, which often served as a propaganda vehicle for succeeding emperors, this is almost certainly the more likely outcome.[25]

Name

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The name "Pescennius Niger" means "black Pescennius", which incidentally contrasts him with one of his rivals for the throne in 194, Clodius Albinus, whose name means "white Clodius".[26] Cassius Dio's "Roman History" reports that, when a priest of Jupiter saw in a dream a "black/dark man" (ἄνθρωποι τὸν μέλανα) breaking into the emperor's camp, this was interpreted as referring to Pescennius Niger.

According to Historia Augusta, his father had the cognomen "fuscus", meaning "brown", and though his body was allegedly white and corpulent, his face was dark red with a very black neck, which was thought "by many men" to have been the origin of his cognomen "Niger".[27]

Family

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Pescennius is known to have been married and had children. The names of his children are not mentioned in any sources, nor how many they were.[28] In the past it has been supposed by some historians based on medals bearing the inscription "Pescennia Plautiana Augusta" that Niger was married to a woman named Plautiana or that he had a daughter named Pescennia Plautiana, but the medals are said to be forgeries.[29]

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In the film The Fall of The Roman Empire Niger is played by Douglas Wilmer and depicted as a scheming henchman of Commodus. At the end of the film, Niger and Didius Julianus, played by Eric Porter, another crony of Commodus, compete against each other in the auction for the throne of Rome.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Syme, Ronald (1971). The Historia Augusta: A Call of Clarity. Vol. 8. R. Habelt. p. 79. ISBN 9783774911604.
  2. ^ CIL VI, 2099, CIL VI, 2101.
  3. ^ PIR, vol. III, p. 24.
  4. ^ Potter, p. 101; Meckler, Pescennius Niger, Cassius Dio, 75:6:1
  5. ^ a b Potter, p. 101
  6. ^ a b c d e Meckler, Pescennius Niger
  7. ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Southern, p. 28
  8. ^ Bowman, p. 2; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
  9. ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Potter, p. 101; Bowman, p. 2
  10. ^ a b Potter, p. 99
  11. ^ Southern, p. 28; Bowman, p. 2
  12. ^ Bowman, p. 4; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
  13. ^ a b Potter, p. 103
  14. ^ Southern, p. 32; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
  15. ^ Southern, p. 32
  16. ^ a b Potter, p. 104
  17. ^ a b c Bowman, p. 4
  18. ^ a b Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104; Southern, p. 33
  19. ^ a b c Southern, p. 33
  20. ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104
  21. ^ Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104
  22. ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Southern, p. 33
  23. ^ Potter, p. 106
  24. ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Pescennius Niger, 6:1
  25. ^ Turton, The Syrian Princesses p. 44
  26. ^ Southern, p. 28
  27. ^ Historian Augusta, Life of Pescennius Niger, 6:6
  28. ^ Smyth, William Henry (1834). Descriptive Catalogue of a Cabinet of Roman Imperial Large-brass Medals by Captain William Henry Smyth. Webb. p. 176.
  29. ^ The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. Vol. 15–16. Royal Numismatic Society. 1875. pp. 34–40.

Sources

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Primary sources

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Secondary sources

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  • Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001
  • Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004
  • Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005
  • http://www.roman-emperors.org/pniger.htm Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Meckler, Michael L, "Pescennius Niger (193-194 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis (1998)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pescennius Niger.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Roman Emperor
193
in competition with
Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus 		Succeeded by
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